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Pharmaceutics II FINAL > Chapter 6 - Powders and Granules - Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Powders and Granules - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain how pulverization by intervention works

A

use a solvent (WETTING LIQUID) and dissolve the powder. this wetting liquid should be easily removed at the end of the process.

the solid dissolves in this volatile solvent and evaporates. the powder then recrystallizes to obtain FINE PARTICLES (amorphous form)

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2
Q

true or false

in both levigation and pulverization by intervention, the liquid added remains in the product

A

FALSE

levigation – is included in product

pulverization by intervention - liquid is NOT INCLUDED. it is volatile and evaporates

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3
Q

for pulverization by intervention, what type of mortar should be used and why

A

GLASS MORTAR

wedgewood is too porous and the aromatic oil will be absorbed into the pores

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4
Q

true or false

the liquid added in pulverization by intervention is a SOLVENT to the drug and the liquid added in levigation is a NONSOLVENT to the drug

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Explain the trituration and sieving method of the small scale comminution of drugs

A

substance reduced to a very fine powder by the continues attribution of the particles between the hard surfaces of pestle and sides/bottom by wedgewood mortar

sieving is a means of separating and measuring particle size (as mentioned).

however, some particles are indeed broken down in size as they are forced through the screen of the sieve

THIS METHOD IS NOT NORMALLY USED AND THE OTHER 3 ARE

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6
Q

give an example of a substance that needs pulverization by intervention

A

camphor

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7
Q

name 6 methods of blending/mixing powders

what is the 1st choice

A

spatulation
trituration
sifting
tumbling
random mixing and ordered mixing
mechanical (vs manual)

spatulation is 1st choice

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8
Q

what is spatulation NOT suitable for

A

the homogeneous blending of POTENT materials

this is bc the amount is so small
(bc potent) and spatulation would not work

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9
Q

small amount blending

A

spatulation

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10
Q

true or false

the spatulation method involves a lot of compression and compaction of the materials

A

FALSE

very little compression and compaction

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11
Q

as mentioned, spatulation is NOT suitable for the homogeneous blending of potent materials.

what IS spatulation suitable for?

A

suitable for EUTETIC MIXTURES

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12
Q

name 6 ingredients that will form eutetic mixtures

A

phenol
camphor
menthol
thymol
aspirin
phenyl salicylate

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13
Q

explain the force that should be applied in spatulation

A

don’t want a strong force because this will further reduce the particle size, which is not what we want – we just want to gently mix the materials

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14
Q

true or false

trituration involves both comminution and mixing

A

true

spatulation is just mixing

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15
Q

what kind of mortar is preferred for trituration

A

wedgewood is preferred bc it is desired to breakdown the particle size

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16
Q

what is the preferred method for blending/mixing powders for POTENT drugs?
what about nonpotent?

A

for potent drugs - trituration bc mixes more closely and intimately than spatulation

for non potent drugs - spatulation

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17
Q

what method of manually blending/mixing powders uses geometric dilution

A

trituration

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18
Q

explain geometric dilution

when is it used?

A

used when blending 2 or more powder ingredients of unequal quantities

helps to ensure that small quantities of ingredients (inc potent drugs) are uniformly distributed throughout the powder mixture

gives more intimate mixing – method of choice for potent drugs

ex: 1g of excipents and 100mg of API

1st, mix 100 mg of each together and then add another 200mg of excipients …etc until all is mixed

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19
Q

in geometric dilution, what should be done when quantities to be mixed are

100mg
200mg
300mg
1000mg

A

start from the smallest and add more ingredients.

once all mixed add the largest quantity and mix all together

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20
Q

sifting and tumbling methods of blending/mixing powders are mainly used for what

A

chemo reagants

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21
Q

random mixing and ordered mixing:

give a scenario in which random mixing should be used and when ordered mixing should be used instead

A

random mixing is used to get a homogeneous mixture for a NONPOTENT DRUG

need ORDERED MIXING for potent drugs

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22
Q

when is mechanical blending/mixing powders used

A

in manufacturing

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23
Q

name 3 equipment that can be used in MECHANICAL blending/mixing powders

A

V-Blender
Triple-V type
Turbula mixer

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24
Q

name 5 special considerations when preparing pharmaceutical powders

which 3 are most relevant

A

eutetics
hygroscopic and deliquescent powders
efflorescent powders
explosive mixtures
incorporation of liquids

1st 3 - eutetics/hygroscopic and deliquescent powders/efflorescent powders are the most important

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25
Q

explain what explosive mixtures are and give example

A

react violently when mixed together

ie: oxidizing agents and reducing agents

iodine, nitrates, etc

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26
Q

why is the incorporation of liquids into pharmaceutical powder a special consideration

A

the liquid may be adsorbed onto an inter material like lactose or starch

therefore, the liquid should be geometrically introduced into the bulk powder

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27
Q

explain what eutetics is

A

PAIR of solids that tend to liquefy when they come in contact with each other.

this is bc one solid acts as an impurity for the other and THE MELTING POINT OF EACH SOLID IS LOWERED

the melting point of either solid ingredient is near or below room temp, and the solids become damp/pasty/liquid (depending on amt of melting point lowering)

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28
Q

When given a list of potential eutectic substances, what is a good way to determine if a random combination will form a eutectic mixture or not

A

2 substances with a high MP (like acetaminophen and aspirin) most likely WONT form a eutectic mixture bc the melting point won’t decrease significantly

however, menthol has a very low melting point and camphor has very high so they WILL form a eutectic mixture bc melting point will be lower than 25 degrees c

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29
Q

true or false

thymol and camphor can form a eutectic mixture

A

true

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30
Q

Resorcinol and ______ can form a eutectic mixture

A

chloral hydrate

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31
Q

if 2 liquids are mixed together and the resultant melting point of the solids is much greater than room temp, does this pose any problem?

A

NO

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32
Q

the eutetic mixture results in a liquid much faster when _____ are combined

A

low melting point components are combined

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33
Q

explain the proper method to handle eutectics

A

first make the eutectic, and then absorb that liquid/paste onto an inert, finely divided solid with a HIGH melting point

or triturate the potential eutectic formers separately with an inert ingredient, and then mix the powders together through GENTLE spatulation or tumbling

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34
Q

as mentioned, there are 2 potential methods for handling eutectics.

which would be more suitable for menthol: camphor and why

A

do NOT use the separate trituration method if we already have desired particle size. the particle size of camphor cannot be reduced through this method

therefore, for menthol:camphor, the liquid eutectic should be allowed to form and then absorbed onto an inert, high-melting, finely divided solid

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35
Q

as mentioned, there are 2 different methods to handle eutectics.

both involve adding an ingredient. explain what this ingredient should be

A

in the method for allowing the eutectic to form, a LOW DENSITY, HIGH MELTING POINT absorbing solid should be used, in order to use a MINIMUM WEIGHT of the absorbing solid
FOR EXAMPLE: light magnesium oxide, kaolin, lactose, starch

in the method for triturating the potential eutectics separately, a low density inert ingredient should be used so that the minimum weight is used

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36
Q

name the 4 potential high melting point, low density absorbing solids that can be added to a eutectic mixture that has already formed in order to absorb it

A

light magnesium oxide
kaolin
lactose
starch

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37
Q

what are hygroscopic powders?

A

solids that absorb moisture from the air

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38
Q

when are hygroscopic powders referred to as deliquescent powders?

A

when they are able to absorb enough moisture from the air so that they partly or wholly dissolve in it (liquefy)

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39
Q

deliquescent powders are preferred in what dosage form?

A

liquid dosage form (solution or suspension)

40
Q

as mentioned, deliquescent powders are preferred in the liquid dosage form.

if the prescriber denies this, what must be done

A

the powder must be dispensed in a form that is acceptable to the patient.
for instance….

add a water INSOLUBLE powder ingredient to prevent/minimize water absorption

dispense in a TIGHT CONTAINER and tell pt to keep tightly closed and stored in low humidity

should be double wrapped in wax paper or sealed in plastic or foil, and the packets put in tight containers (FOR DIVIDED POWDER DOSAGE FORM)

41
Q

In dispensing deliquescent powders, a water insoluble powder ingredient can be added to prevent/minimize water absorption.

what ingredient can be added and why

A

light magnesium oxide in a quantity used that will NOT produce a laxative effect

preferred over heavy magnesium oxide – want to keep light weight

42
Q

true or false

hygroscopic substances will absorb water but not liquefy, while deliquescent substances will absorb water but will liquefy

A

true

43
Q

name 2 popular hygroscopic substances

A

ephedrine sulfate
phenobarbital sulfate

44
Q

name 1 popular deliquescent substance

A

lithium bromide

45
Q

define efflorescent powders

A

CRYSTALLINE substances that contain water of hydration or crystallization.

this water may be released when substance is triturated or manipulated, and this may cause the powdered substance to become damp or form a paste

46
Q

why do efflorescent powders pose an issue

A

because when the water of crystallization or hydration is liberated, the powdered substance may become damp or take the appearance of paste.

as a result of this, a given weight of the prepared powder will not contain the same quantity of drug due to the water loss

47
Q

name 2 strategies for handling efflorescent powders

A

-should be stored and dispensed in tight containers (prevents water from being released into the air)

-substitute the anhydrous form of the drug (if the original powder contains water of hydration)

48
Q

are efflorescent powders more likely to liberate their water in a low or high humidity environment?

A

low humidity

49
Q

name a trick to determine if a powder is efflorescent

A

most have “hydrate” at the end

50
Q

name 2 popular efflorescent powders

A

epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahyrate)

terpin hydrate

51
Q

what is the chemical name for epsom salt?
what is epsom salt?

A

an efflorescent powder

magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

52
Q

true or false

crystalline substances are stable and have high energy

A

false - stable and low energy

53
Q

true or false

when efflorescent powders liberate their water, the physical and chemical properties are changed

A

true

54
Q

name 5 different powder dosage forms

A

topical powders
bulk powders
insufflated powders
divided powders
aerosol powders

55
Q

what are insufflated powders?

A

finely divided powders that are intended to be applied to a body orifice
(ears/nose/vagina/tooth socket/throat)

56
Q

give an example of a kind of product that is an aerosol powder

A

DPIs (dry powder inhalers)

57
Q

in powders as DOSAGE FORMS, explain how the composition of the powder should be considered

A

the size and surface area of the particles should be considered .
these can be controlled to control the therapeutic effect

58
Q

explain the requirements for topical powder dosage form

A

the powder should be uniform and a small enough particle size that does not irritate the skin

must pass through at least No. 100 mesh sieve (150 MICRONS)

59
Q

Explain the components of the topical powder dosage form

A

a base
adherent
possibly an active ingredient
aromatic material

60
Q

as mentioned, the topical powder dosage form contains:

-a base
-an adherent
-possibly an active ingredient
-an aromatic material

give examples of a base and adherent that can be used in a topical powder dosage form

A

base – cornstarch or talc

adherent – magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate

61
Q

give 8 examples of bulk powders in the market

A

antacids
laxative powders
douche powders
dentrifices
denture powders
brewer’s yeast powder (B complex vitamin)
medicated powders
nonmedicated powders

62
Q

commercial name for vitamin B complex bulk powder

A

Brewer’s yeast powder

63
Q

what kind of drugs can NOT be used in bulk powders and why

A

potent drugs.

if you use a potent drug, any slight variation in dosage will affect the therapeutic effect a lot

ex - Brewer’s yeast powder (vit b complex) bulk powder is sprinkled onto food

64
Q

what are divided powders?

A

SINGLE DOSE PACKAGE of powder with paper

65
Q

give 3 examples of products that are divided powder dosage form

A

headache powders
powdered laxatives
douche powders

66
Q

_____ powders offer a convenient way to dispense nonpotent drugs

A

bulk powders

67
Q

explain the container(s) in which bulk powders are dispensed

A

in wide mouth powder squares or other wide mouth containers

shaker-top cap can be used

68
Q

how is the dose of bulk powders measured?

A

by the pt or caregiver at time of administration using a household measuring device like spoon or cup

69
Q

what is an advantage of divided powder dosage form over bulk powder

A

for bulk powder, potent drugs can’t be used and delivery of API in each dose is not consistent

divided powder dosage form provides more dose control

70
Q

are bulk powders used locally or systemically?

A

could be either

for local, can use the shaker-top cap to sprinkle onto the skin

for systemic, you have to roughly measure thee amount to take

71
Q

name 3 kinds of storage/dispensing devices for topical liquids

A

yorker sprout cap
disc-top cap
flip-top cap

72
Q

true or false

bulk powders are only used for systemic effects

A

false – could be systemic or local

73
Q

true or false

bulk powders are a convenient method to dispense nonpotent drugs

A

true

74
Q

how many kinds of powder papers are there?
name them

A

4:

vegetable parchment
white bond
glassine
waxed paper

75
Q

explain what vegetable parchment is

A

a powder paper that is thin, semi-opaque, and moisture resistant

76
Q

explain what White Bond is

A

a powder paper that is opaque with NO moisture resistant properties

77
Q

explain what Glassine is

A

a glazed, TRANSPARENT, moisture-resistant powder paper

78
Q

explain what waxed paper is

A

a transparent and waterproof powder paper

79
Q

in which powder paper should a hygroscopic and photosensitive material be stored?

A

should be double wrapped in white bond and in waxed paper

white bond is opaque
waxed paper is WATERPROOF

waxed paper should directly encounter the powder (not the white bond) bc it is water proof. Hygroscopic substance will not absorb any water from the atmosphere

80
Q

true or false

white bond is waterproof

A

FALSE – has no moisture resustant properties

cannot be used for a hygroscopic substance – waxed paper should be used bc it is true waterproof

81
Q

true or false

waxed paper is a transparent powder paper

A

true

82
Q

define granules

A

agglomerates of smaller particles

83
Q

how are granules prepared

A

by moistening the desired powder or blended powder mixture (API + excipients) and passing this moistened mass through a screen of the mesh size that will produce the desired granules, then dries

84
Q

true or false

powders are generally more stable than their corresponding granules

A

FALSE

granules are generally more physically and chemically stable than the corresponding powders

85
Q

which are MORE LIKELY to cake and harden — granules or powders

A

powders

86
Q

which are preferred for the making of solutions – granules or powders?

A

granules

87
Q

give 2 examples of products that use granules in solution

A

antibiotic granules – (ampicillin) Principen

laxative granules – senokot

88
Q

granules normally have what kind of surface?
what does this mean?

A

a rough surface – uptakes water quickly and granules quickly dissolve

89
Q

which has more of an issue with morphology and flow - powders or granules

A

powders

90
Q

give an example of a granulated product

A

effervescent granulated salts

91
Q

what is an advantage of effervescent granulated salts

A

the carbonation can mask the bitter/unpleasant taste of the drug

92
Q

how are effervescent granulated salts taken?

A

they’re ingested orally

93
Q

explain how effervescent granulated salts have the bubbly effect

A

1 method: 1 MOL citric acid reacts with 3 MOL sodium bicarbonate to produce sodium citrate + 3 MOLCARBONATE + 4 MOL H2O

2nd method: 1 MOL tartaric acid reacts with 2 MOLsodium bicarbonate to produce sodium tartrate + 2 MOL carbonate + 2 MOLwater

it’s common to use a combination of both methods

94
Q

besides masking the taste, how else is the carbonation an advantage in efferevescent granulated salts

A

bubbles will break down the granules and increase the dissolution – helps the API to dissolve and form a solution

95
Q
A

Pharmaceutics II FINAL (11 decks)

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