Chapter 6 Study Guide

Question 1

What is memory

Answer 1

The ability to retain information over time through the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving

Question 2

What are the 3 memory processes

Answer 2

Encoding
Storing
Retrieval

Question 3

What are some elements of encoding

Answer 3

Attention
Repetition
Make material personally meaningful

Question 4

What is elaborative encoding

Answer 4

Linking new information with other information

Question 5

What is imagery encoding

Answer 5

Imagery and mental pictures

Question 6

What is organizational encoding

Answer 6

Categorizing information

Question 7

What are the 3 stages of memory

Answer 7

Sensory
Working/Short Term
Long Term

Question 8

What is sensory memory

Answer 8

The brain filters out information as it comes in

Question 9

Holding information for a few seconds is what kind of memory

Answer 9

Sensory

Question 10

What is iconic memory

Answer 10

Fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 11

What is echoic memory

Answer 11

Fast decaying store of auditory information

Question 12

What happens when we continue to pay attention to information

Answer 12

It will go to working or short-term memory

Question 13

What are 2 traits of working or short-term memory

Answer 13

Limited capacity and short duration

Conscious processing of information

Question 14

What are 2 ways we can increase the capacity of our memory

Answer 14

Chunking

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 15

What is chunking

Answer 15

Grouping separate items of information into larger units or chunks so we can increase capacity

Question 16

What is maintenance rehearsal

Answer 16

Intentional repeating of information so it remains longer in the short term memory

Question 17

What is the function of long term memory

Answer 17

To organize and store information

Question 18

What are two traits of long term memory

Answer 18

Unlimited Capacity

Unlimited Duration

Question 19

What are 3 ways to transfer information to long term memory

Answer 19

Serial Position Effect
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect

Question 20

What is the serial position effect

Answer 20

More likely to remember the beginning and end of a sequence

Question 21

What is the primacy effect

Answer 21

More memory or recall for letters or words at the beginning of a list

Question 22

What is the recency effect

Answer 22

The tendency to recall the last few items in a list bc they are in our short term memory

Question 23

What is schema

Answer 23

A pre-existing mental concept that helps us organize and interpret information (fills in the blanks)

Question 24

Do schema’s sometimes contain false information

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What are 2 reasons we forget

Answer 25

The information was never encoded into long term memory Undesired memories are held back from awareness

Question 26

What is suppression

Answer 26

Choosing not to think about something (i.e. past relationships

Question 27

What is repression

Answer 27

Unconscious forgetting of a memory (typically associated with PTSD

Question 28

What three reasons explain why memories are held back from awareness

Answer 28

Suppression Repression Interference

Question 29

What are the 2 types of interference

Answer 29

Retroactive | Proactive

Question 30

What is retroactive interference

Answer 30

When a NEW memory interferes with OLD information (i.e. new password made and you don't remember the old one)

Question 31

What is proactive interference

Answer 31

When an OLD memory interferes with NEW information (i.e. memories of where you parked your car on campus the past week interferes with your ability to find your car today)

Question 32

What are the 2 inadequate retrieval cues

Answer 32

Context-Dependent | State-Dependent

Question 33

What is context-dependent retrieval cues

Answer 33

Memories are either helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context by which they are learned (i.e. if you study for a test in the same environment it will help with memory recall)

Question 34

What is state-dependent retrieval cues

Answer 34

Memory is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a personal internal state during learning (i.e. learn something new while drinking, you will likely forget)

Question 35

What is the decay theory

Answer 35

Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused

Question 36

What are two explanation for the decay theory

Answer 36

Memories not Encoded | Memories not meaningful

Question 37

What is amnesia

Answer 37

Severe loss of memory

Question 38

What is retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

Loss of memory prior to brain damage (i.e. auto accident)

Question 39

What is anterograde amnesia

Answer 39

Inability to form new memories (i.e. past may be intact but new memories are lost; for example 50 first dates)

Question 40

What are 2 forms of amnesia

Answer 40

Retrograde | Anterograde

Question 41

What are some ways to improve your memory

Answer 41

``` Mnemonic devices Narratives Distributed Practice Studying in Depth visual Imagery Keywords ```