Chapter 6 Test

Question 1

The ability to do work (move matter)

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

Stored energy available to do work

Answer 2

Potential energy

Question 3

Energy of motion

Answer 3

Kinetic energy

Question 4

Amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
(14.5—15.5)

Answer 4

calorie

Question 5

The amount of energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree Celsius

Answer 5

Calorie

Question 6

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted to other forms

Answer 6

First Law of Thermodynamics; Law of the Conservation of Energy

Question 7

When energy is transformed from one form to another, some energy is lost in the form of heat

Answer 7

Second Law of Thermodynamics; Law of Entropy

Question 8

Tendency toward disorder; all energy transformations head towards disorder

Answer 8

Entropy

Question 9

The universe’s entropy is always _______

Answer 9

Increasing

Question 10

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

Answer 10

Metabolism

Question 11

All reactions that are making molecules

Answer 11

Anabolism

Question 12

All reactions that are breaking things down

Answer 12

Catabolism

Question 13

When bonds are made, energy is stored. When bonds are broken, energy is released

Answer 13

Reactions

Question 14

Require input of energy; molecules are being built; product contains more energy than reactants

Answer 14

Endergonic reaction

Question 15

Molecules are broken down and energy is released

Answer 15

Exergonic reactions

Question 16

Unit of energy in the cell; required for metabolic functions

Answer 16

ATP

Question 17

Bond between second and third phosphates in ATP contains just the right amount of ______ to fuel most metabolic reactions

Answer 17

Energy

Question 18

One reaction often drives another reaction

Answer 18

Coupled reaction

Question 19

Adding a phosphate to any molecule

Answer 19

Phosphorylation

Question 20

ATP functions

Answer 20

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

Question 21

ATP function that builds

Answer 21

Chemical work

Question 22

ATP function that deals with moving within the cell, movement of the cell itself, or moving things across the plasma membrane

Answer 22

Transport work

Question 23

ATP function that deals with the movement of muscles

Answer 23

Mechanical work

Question 24

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions; usually proteins, do not get permanently changed during the reactions, and they are very specific in what they do

Answer 24

Enzymes

Question 25

Takes hydrogen off

Answer 25

Dehydrogenase

Question 26

Step-wise sequences

Answer 26

Metabolic pathways

Question 27

Substance that is being acted upon

Answer 27

Substrate

Question 28

End molecule (what is produced)

Answer 28

Product

Question 29

Molecules that come in between the process of the reaction

Answer 29

Intermediates

Question 30

Types of metabolic pathways

Answer 30

Straight Branch Cycle

Question 31

Describe enzymes

Answer 31

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions Usually proteins Do not get permanently changed during the reaction Very specific in what they do Recycled over and over Usually end in the suffix "ase" Usually tells within the word what it does or what it acts on

Question 32

A + B > C > D > E

Answer 32

Straight chain

Question 33

D > A + B > C > E >

Answer 33

Branch chain

Question 34

``` A E^ B ^ D ```

Answer 34

Cycles

Question 35

Name for the temporary molecule where the enzyme and substrate are bound together

Answer 35

Enzyme-substrate complex

Question 36

Place on the enzyme where the substrate binds with the enzyme

Answer 36

Active site

Question 37

Theory of how enzyme-substrates work

Answer 37

Induced-fit model

Question 38

Induced-fit model

Answer 38

Substrate binds to the active site Enzyme changes shape Shape change makes it easier for the reaction to proceed Reaction is finished so the enzyme releases its products and returns to its original shape Active site is available for more substrate

Question 39

Step in the induced-fit model that is the induced fit

Answer 39

Enzyme changes shape

Question 40

Energy needed for a reaction to occur

Answer 40

Energy of activation

Question 41

______ lower the energy of activation

Answer 41

Enzymes

Question 42

Effect the speed of an enzymatic reaction

Answer 42

Factors

Question 43

Factors of an enzymatic reaction

Answer 43

``` Substrate concentration Enzyme concentration Optimal pH Temperature Cofactors and coenzymes Denaturation ```

Question 44

The higher the ______ concentration, the more the reaction will occur. The more ______ concentration you have, the better the reaction will be

Answer 44

Substrate; enzyme

Question 45

Human blood is 7.35-7.45

Answer 45

Optimal pH

Question 46

Reactions occur best at the regular body ______ of that organism

Answer 46

Temperature

Question 47

Their presence affects the speed of the reaction

Answer 47

Cofactors and coenzymes

Question 48

Inorganic ion needed for the active site of an enzyme to work properly

Answer 48

Cofactor

Question 49

Nonprotein organic molecule needed at the active site for the enzyme to work properly; often require vitamins to work

Answer 49

Coenzyme

Question 50

Change in the shape of an enzyme where that it no longer functions properly; caused by changes in the pH and temperature (reversible or irreversible)

Answer 50

Denaturation

Question 51

All enzymes are dependent upon their _____ to work properly

Answer 51

Shape

Question 52

Types of enzyme inhibition

Answer 52

Competitive | Noncompetitive

Question 53

Both the substrate and inhibitor can fit in the active site, but whichever one gets there first gets to stay

Answer 53

Competitive inhibition

Question 54

Inhibitor binds to the allosteric site which causes a shape change in the active site which inhibits the substrate from fitting

Answer 54

Noncompetitive inhibition

Question 55

Site other than the active site where the inhibitor bonds

Answer 55

Allosteric site

Question 56

When one of the products in a pathway inhibits a previous reaction in the pathway

Answer 56

Negative feedback

Question 57

One of the products in a pathway makes reactions go faster

Answer 57

Positive feedback

Question 58

Loss or gain of electrons; almost always coupled

Answer 58

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 59

Loss of electron (hydrogen ion)

Answer 59

Oxidation

Question 60

Gain of electron (hydrogen ion)

Answer 60

Reduction

Question 61

The type of molecule an enzyme is is a ______

Answer 61

Protein