Chapter 6 - The Human Body Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
Abdomen
A
The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
2
Q
Acetabulum
A
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snuggly
3
Q
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
4
Q
Adrenal glands
A
Endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
5
Q
Adrenergic
A
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (e.g. adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on my norepinephrine
6
Q
Aerobic metabolism
A
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
7
Q
Agonal gasps
A
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
8
Q
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
A
Portions of a nervous system that, wind, stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
9
Q
Alveoli
A
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
10
Q
Anaerobic metabolism
A
Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid
11
Q
Anatomic position
A
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
12
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the physical structure of the body and its components
13
Q
Aorta
A
The main artery, leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
14
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
15
Q
Appendix
A
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
16
Q
Arterioles
A
The smallest branch of artery is leading to the vast network of capillaries
17
Q
Articular cartilage
A
A poorly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in the synovial joints
18
Q
Atrium
A
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
19
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
The part of the nervous system, that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
20
Q
Axial skeleton
A
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
21
Q
Axons
A
Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers)
of another neuron
22
Q
Ball-and-socket joint
A
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
23
Q
Beta-adrenergic receptors
A
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
24
Q
Biceps
A
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
25
Bile ducts
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
26
Blood Pressure (BP)
The pressure that the blood exerts against the wall of the arteries as it passes through them
27
Brachial artery
The major vessel in the upper extremities is that supply blood to the arm
28
Brain
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
29
Brainstem
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
30
Calcaneous
The heel bone
31
Capillary vessels
Tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
32
Cardia muscle
The heart muscle
33
Cardiac Output (CO)
The measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
34
Carotid artery
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
35
Carpals
Small bones that compose the wrist
36
Cartilage
Smooth, connective tissues, that forms the support structure of the skeleton system, and provides cushioning between bones; also forms a naval septum and portions of the outer ear
37
Cecum
The first part of the large intestine onto which the ileum opens
38
Cellular metabolism
A set of chemical reactions that supply cells with energy
Includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
39
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
40
Cerebellum
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
41
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
42
Cerebrum
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that can control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
43
Cervical spine
The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
44
Chordea tendineae
The bands of fibrous tissue that attached to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
45
Chyme
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
46
Circulatory system
A complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
47
Clavicle
The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
48
Coccyx
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
49
Coronal (frontal) plane
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
50
Coxae
The hip bones
(Singular: coxa)
51
Cranium
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones
52
Cricoid cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
53
Cricothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilage that make up the lyrics
54
Dead space
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
55
Dermis
The inner layer of skin, containing hair, follicles, sweat, glands, nerve, endings, and blood vessels
56
Diaphragm
A muscular dome that forms the under surface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
57
Diastole
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of ventricles
58
Diffusion
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
59
Digestion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
60
Dorsalis pedis artery
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
61
Endocrine system
A complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
62
Enzymes
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
63
Epidermis
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water type protective cover covering for the body
64
Epiglottis
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea, but prevents food and liquid from entering
65
Epinephrine
A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increase pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for anaphylactic reaction
66
Esophagus
A collapsible two bed extends from the fairings to the stomach; muscle contractions, propel food, and liquids through it to the stomach
67
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be exiled following in normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man
68
Extension
The straightening of a joint
69
Fallopian tubes
The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum
70
Femoral artery
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpitated in the groin area
71
Femoral head
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
72
Femur
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
73
Fibula
The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, locales on the lateral side
74
Flexion
The bending of a joint
75
Foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skill through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
76
Frontal bones
The bones of the cranium that form the forehead
77
Gallbladder
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
78
Genital system
The reproductive system in med and women
79
Germinal layer
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
80
Greater trochanter
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
81
Hair follicles
The small organs that produce hair
82
Heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
83
Heart Rate (HR)
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)
84
Hemoglobin
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells
85
Hinge joints
Joints that can bend and straighten, but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
86
Hormones
Substance is formed in specialized organs or glands, and carried to another organ or a group of cells in the same organism; regulate, many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
87
Humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
88
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
89
Hypercapnia
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in a blood stream; also called hypercarbia
90
Hypoperfusion
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock
91
Hypoxia
Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues
92
Hypoxic drive
A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
93
Ilium
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
94
Inferior vena cava
One of the two hardest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis, and the abdominal organs to the heart
95
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
96
Interstitial space
The space between the cells
97
Intervertebral disks
Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
98
Intracellular space
The space within a cell or cells
99
Involuntary muscle
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
100
Ischium
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
101
Joint
The place where two bones come into contact; also called an articulation
102
Joint capsule
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
103
Kidneys
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
104
Labored breathing
The use of muscles in the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
105
Lactic acid
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
106
Large intestine
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around a small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance, and eliminate solid waste
107
Lesser trochanter
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
108
Ligaments
Bands of fibers tissue that connect bones to bones. Ligaments support and strengthen a joint
109
Liver
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
110
Lumbar spine
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non-fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
111
Lymph
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of the metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so they may be excreted
112
Lymph nodes
Tiny, oval shaped structures, located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
113
Malleolus
A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone
114
Mandible
The bone of the lower jaw
115
Manubrium
The upper quadrant of the sternum
116
Maxillae
The upper jaw bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
117
Medulla oblongata
Nerve tissue that is continuously inferior with a spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tactics; coordinates the heart rate, blood vessel, diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
118
Metabolism
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients with cells
119
Metacarpals
Bones of the hand, sit situated between the carpals and phalanges
120
Metatarsals
Bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges
121
Midbrain
The part of the brand that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
122
Midsagittal (midline) plane
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
123
Minute volume
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and the respiratory rate is; also called minute ventilation
124
Motor nerves
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
125
Mucous membranes
The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
126
Mucous
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
127
Musculoskeletal system
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
128
Myocardium
The heart muscle
129
Nasopharynx
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
130
Nervous system
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
131
Neurons
The functional units of the nervous system; also called nerve cells
132
Norepinephrine
In your transmitter and drug sometimes use the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-simulator properties
133
Occipital bone
The most posterior bone of the cranium
134
Oncotic pressure
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
135
Orbit
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
136
Oropharynx
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
137
Ovaries
The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
138
Pancreas
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
139
Parasympathetic nervous system
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involves in control of involuntary functions, mediated, largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
140
Parietal bones
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
141
Patella
The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
142
Pathophysiology
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
143
Pectoral girdle
The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton. It comprises the clavicle and scapulae; also called the shoulder girdle
144
Pelvic girdle
The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect to the legs to the axial skeleton
145
Perfusion
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the current needs of the cells
146
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor, nerves, or connecting nerves
147
Peristalsis
A wave like contraction of smooth muscle by which the uterus or other tubular organs propel their contents
148
Phalanges
The bones of the fingers and toes
149
Physiology
The study of normal functions of living organisms and their parts
150
Plasma
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
151
Platelets
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
152
Pleura
The serous membrane is covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
153
Pleural space
The potential space between the parietal pleural and the visceral pleural; described as potential because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
154
Pons
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
155
Posterior tibial artery
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplied blood to the foot
156
Prostate gland
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes the fluid that is part of the ejaculatory
fluid
157
Pubic symphysis
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline of the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage and a joint with minimal motion
158
Pubis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
159
Pulmonary artery
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood
160
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary vein; also called the lesser circulation
161
Pulmonary veins
He four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
162
Pulse
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle into the major arteries
163
Radial artery
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
164
Radius
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
165
Rectum
The lowermost end of the colon
166
Red blood cells
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes
167
Renal pelvis
A cone-shaped area that collects trine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
168
Residual volume
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
169
Respiration
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiological process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
170
Respiratory compromise
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
171
Respiratory system
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
172
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness; specifically one’s level of arousal
173
Retroperitoneal
Behind the abdominal cavity
174
Sacroiliac joint
The connect point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
175
Sacrum
One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
176
Sagittal (lateral) plane
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
177
Salivary glands
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
178
Scalp
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
179
Scapula
The shoulder blade
180
Sebaceous glands
Glad it produced an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
181
Semester
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
182
Seminal vesicles
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
183
Sensory nerves
The nerves that carry sensation such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system
184
Shock
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide for sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
185
Skeletal muscle
Muscle all the attached bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
186
Skeletal system
The framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues
187
Small intestine
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
188
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
189
Somatic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there’s voluntary control
190
Sphincters
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease their diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
191
Sphygmomanometer
A devise used to measure blood pressure
192
Spinal cord
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all of the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of it protected by the spinal canal
193
Sternum
The breast bone
194
Stratum corneum
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
195
Stroke Volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
196
Subcutaneous tissue
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
197
Superior vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and the chest into the heart
198
Sweat glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
199
Sympathetic nervous system
The adrenergic part of the autonomic nervous system are responsible for the fight-or-flight response
200
Symphyses
Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection
201
Synovial fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
202
Synovial membrane
The lining of the joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint soace
203
Systemic circulation
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
204
Systematic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood cell; related to the amount of dilation or construction in the blood vessel
205
Systole
The contraction, or a period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
206
Tarsals
The group of bone situated between the lower leg bones (ie, tibia and fibula) and the metatarsal bones of the foot
207
Temporal bones
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
208
Tendons
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
209
Testicle
A male genital glad that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
210
Thoracic cage
The chest or rib cage
211
Thoracic spine
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebra. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae.
212
Thorax
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
213
Thyroid cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that formed the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple
214
Tibia
The shin bones; larger of the two bones of the lower leg
215
Tidal volume
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult
216
Topographic anatomy
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
217
Trachea
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
218
Transverse (axial) plane
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
219
Triceps
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
220
Tunica media
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
221
Ulna
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
222
Umbilicus
The navel; also called the belly button
223
Ureter
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
224
Urethra
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
225
Urinary bladder
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects in stores urine
226
Urinary sustem
The organs that control the discharge of certain ways materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
227
Vagina
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract; the lower part of the birth canal
228
Ventilation
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
229
Ventricle
One of two lower chambers of the heart
230
Vertebrae
The bones of the vertebral column
231
Vertebral column
The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks. It houses and protects the spinal cord; also called the spinal column.
232
Voluntary muscle
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
233
V/Q ratio
The measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs
234
White blood cells
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanism against infection; also called leukocytes
235
Xiphoid process
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
236
Zygomas
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and a great wings of this sphenoid bone
