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BIOL 235 - Section 1 > Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Support

A

Supports soft tissues, provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Protection

A

Skeleton covers most important organs

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3
Q

Assistance in movement

A

Muscles attach to bones, contract and pull on bones to move

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4
Q

Mineral Homeostasis

A

Stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

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5
Q

Blood Cell Production

A

A connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

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6
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers.

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7
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Red bone marrow produces red/white blood cells and platelets

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8
Q

Triglyceride Storage

A

Potential chemical energy reserve

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9
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Red turns yellow, adipose cells store fat.

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

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11
Q

Epiphysis

A

Proximal and distal ends

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12
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between. Has Growth plate, hyaline cartilage,

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13
Q

Epiphyseal Plate and Line

A

.Growth plate in metaphysis, replaced by bone when matured to form line

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14
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at articulation. Reduces friction, absorbs shock, hard to repair

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough connective tissue sheath everywhere articular cartilage isnt. Protects, heals, nourishes, attaches

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16
Q

Periosteum - Outer Fibrous layer

A

Dense and irregular

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17
Q

Periosteum - Inner Osteogenic layer

A

Cells (mostly for thickeness

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18
Q

Periosteum - Perforating Fibers or Sharpey’s fibers

A

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix

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19
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessels. Max strength min weight

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20
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane, lines medullary cavity. Single layer of bone-forming cells and connective tissue.

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21
Q

Bone or Osseous tissue

A

contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells. The extracellular matrix is about 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts.

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22
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

Calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

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23
Q

Calcification

A

Mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers, crystallize and the tissue hardens.

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24
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A
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25
Osteoprogenitor cells
1 Unspecialized bone stem cells. Found in inner periosteum, and in canals that contain blood vessels.
26
Osteoblast
2. Bone building cells. Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification.
27
Osteocyte
3. Mature bone cells, maintain daily metabolism.
28
Osteoclast
Huge cells in endosteum, releases lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest protein and mineral compenets of extracellular bone matrix. Resoprtion
29
Resorption
Enzymes digest underlying extracellular matrix, for development, maintenance and repair.
30
Compact Bone Tissue
strongest form of bone tissue. protection, support.
31
Osteon or Haversian System
repeating structural units,
32
Central or Haversian Canal
what the osteons are arranged around
33
Concentric Lamellae
resembles growth rings of a tree, mineralized extracellular matrix surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves.
34
Lacuna
between the cocentric lamellae, are these spaces containing osteocytes.
35
Canaliculus
filled with extracellular fluid, out of lacuna.
36
Circumferential Lamellae
Around the outer and inner circumference of the shaft, develop during initial bone formation.
37
Spongy Bone Tissue
Does not contain osteons, interior of a short flat bones. Is light and supports/protects red bone marrow. Hips, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and proximal ends of humerus and femur.
38
Trabecular
Lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns, along lines of stress
39
Periosteal Arteries
Small arteries and nerves, enter diaphysis, supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone.
40
Nutrient Artery and Foramen
Near centre of diaphysis, and hole, branches toward each end of bone
41
Metaphyseal Artery
Supply ends of long bones. supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses.
42
Epiphyseal Arteries
Supply ends of long bones. supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses.
43
Nutrient Veins: Epiphyseal, Metaphyseal, Periosteal
Accompany the nutrient artery (or respective)and exit through the diaphysis(or respective)
44
Ossification
Process in which bones form, embryo/fetus or growth, or remodelling, or repair
45
Intramembranous Ossification
First. Bone forms within mesenchyme. | Development of the ossification centre ->Calcification -> Formation of trabeculae -> Development of the periosteum
46
Endochondral Ossification
Second, bone forms within hyaline cartilage. Development of the cartilage model ->Growth of the cartilage model ->Development of the primary ossification center ->Development of the medullary cavity -> Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
47
Growth in length
Interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
48
Growth in thickness
Appositional growth. Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts then osteocytes. Ridges fuse to enclose blood vessel, periosteum becomes endosteum. Osteoblasts depost bone forming new concentric lamellae. Osteoblasts under the periosteum deposit new circumferential lamellae increasing thickness.
49
Bone Remodeling
Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
50
Bone resorption
Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts. Destroys bone extcelma
51
Bone Deposition
Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts. Forms bone extcelma.
52
Fracture, Stress Fracture
Break, stress = microscopic fissuers
53
Reactive phase - Fracture Hematoma
Early inflammatory phase, blotted blood form around fracture (fh) 6-8hr after injury
54
Fibrocartilaginous Callus
Reparative phase. Mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers, and cartilage that bridges broken ends. 3 weeks.
55
Bony (hard) Callus
Reparative phase, fibrocartilage converted to spongy bone, in areas close to well-vascularized healthy bone tissue.
56
Parathyroid Hormone
Regulated calcium exchange. Increases blood calcium level. | Parathyroid detects, releases AMP, and synthesizes more PTH, which increase osteoclasts which speed up bone resorprtion.
57
Calcitriol
PTH stimulates formation of calcitriol (active vit D) helps elevate
58
Calcitonin
Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin, decreases.
59
Osteoporosis
Porous bones, bone resorption replaces bone deposition, because of depletion of calcium.
60
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Rickets is a disease of children in which the growing bones become “soft” or rubbery and are easily deformed. Because new bone formed at the epiphyseal (growth) plates fails to ossify, bowed legs and deformities of the skull, rib cage, and pelvis are common. Osteomalacia is the adult counterpart of rickets

BIOL 235 - Section 1 (9 decks)

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