Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts

Question 3

Chemical level

Answer 3

atoms, molecules

Question 4

Cellular level

Answer 4

molecules combine to form cells

Question 5

Tissue level

Answer 5

groups of cells and surrounding materials working to perform functions/ Epithelial, connective, muscular, nevrous

Question 6

Organ level

Answer 6

composed of tissues, stomach skin, bones, brain, liver, heart

Question 7

System level

Answer 7

related organs with common functions

Question 8

Organismal level

Answer 8

any living individual

Question 9

Integumentary system

Answer 9

skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands, protects body, regulates temp, eliminates waste, vitamin d secretion, sensation, stores fat, provides insulation

Question 10

Skeletal system

Answer 10

bones, joints, cartilage, support, protection, movement, stores minerals and lipids

Question 11

Muscular system

Answer 11

skeletal muscle tissue, movement, posture, heat,

Question 12

Nervous system

Answer 12

brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes, ears), generate action potentials to regulate, detect/interpret changes

Question 13

Endocrine system

Answer 13

Hormone producing glands, (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes.) Regulate body activity by releasing hormones

Question 14

Cardiovascular system

Answer 14

blood, heart, blood vessels

Question 15

Lymphatic system

Answer 15

Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses. Returns proteins and fluid to blood.

Question 16

Respiratory system

Answer 16

Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

Question 17

Digestive system

Answer 17

Physical and chemical breakdown of food

Question 18

Urinary system

Answer 18

kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, waste

Question 19

Reproductive system

Answer 19

gonads, gametes, hormones

Question 20

Basic life processes

Answer 20

Metabolism, Growth, Responsiveness, organization, Differentiation, Reproduction, movement

Question 21

Homeostasis

Answer 21

balance of internal environment. Maintaining volume and composition of body fluids, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, vitreous body

Question 22

Feedback system

Answer 22

Stimulus -> controlled condition -> receptors -> input to control centre to output -> effectors -> response
Negative feedback system reverses a change
Positive strengthen/reinforces

Question 23

Prone

Answer 23

facedown

Question 24

Supine

Answer 24

face up

Question 25

Anatomical

Answer 25

standing, palms forward

Question 26

Electrolyte

Answer 26

Liquid and ions to conduct electricity

Question 27

Free radical

Answer 27

Unpaired valence electron, uncharged molecule

Question 28

Afferent

Answer 28

toward centre

Question 29

Efferent

Answer 29

away from

Question 30

Effector

Answer 30

body structure that receives output and responds

Question 31

Epidemiology

Answer 31

why, when, where, diseases occur and how they transfer

Question 32

Mass

Answer 32

amount of matter in any object

Question 33

Cranial cavity

Answer 33

Cranial bones that form a hollow space of the head to contain the brain

Question 34

Bertebral (spinal canal)

Answer 34

the bones of the bertebral column containing spinal cord

Question 35

Meninges

Answer 35

Three layers of protective tissue and fluid

Question 36

Thoracic cavity

Answer 36

formed by the ribs the muscles, sternum and thoracic portion of the vertebral column

Question 37

Pericardial cavity

Answer 37

within thoracic, fluid filled space to surround the heart, and pleural cavities around the lungs

Question 38

Diaphragm

Answer 38

dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from adominopelvic cavity

Question 39

Abdominopelic vaity

Answer 39

extends from diaphragm to the groin

Question 40

Abdominal cavity

Answer 40

contains the stomach, spleen , liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

Question 41

Inferior abdominal cavity

Answer 41

contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.

Question 42

Serous membraine

Answer 42

covers viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and the abdomen. 1- parital layer, 2- viseral layer, serous fluid in between so viscera slide

Question 43

Metabolism

Answer 43

Life sustaining chemical reactions. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of metabolic wastes.

Question 44

Catabolism

Answer 44

Produces energy. the breaking down of compounds (for example, of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration)

Question 45

Anabolism

Answer 45

Consumes energy. the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids).

Question 46

Interstitial fluid

Answer 46

Fills spaces between cells of tissues

Question 47

blood plasma

Answer 47

ECF within blood vessles

Question 48

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 48

ECF around brain and spinal cord

Question 49

synovial fluid

Answer 49

ECF around joints

Question 50

aqueous humor / vitreous body

Answer 50

ECF around eyes

Question 51

Afferent pathway

Answer 51

input to control centre, TOWARD

Question 52

Efferent pathway

Answer 52

output from control centre, AWAY from

Question 53

Effector

Answer 53

body structure that receives output from control centre and produces a response

Question 54

Disorder

Answer 54

any abnormality of structure or function

Question 55

Disease

Answer 55

specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. Systemic = entire body