Chapter 6 Vocab Flashcards
(35 cards)
Deviance
A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (147)
Social Control Theory
A theory of crime, proposed by Travis Hirschi, that posits that strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance (150)
Innovators
Individuals who accept society’s approved goals but not society’s approved means to achieve them (150)
Ritualists
Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society’s approved goals but still operate according to society’s approved means (150)
Retreatists
Individuals who renounce society’s approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether (150)
Rebels
Individuals who reject society’s approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (151)
Social Control
The formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (151)
Cyberbullying
The use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e‐mail, Twitter, cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (152)
Differential Association Theory
Edwin Sutherland’s hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (152)
Labeling Theory
Howard Becker’s idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual’s self‐concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person (153)
Primary Deviance
In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (154)
Secondary Deviance
In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (154)
Tertiary Deviance
Redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (154)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (154)
Stereotype Threat
A kind of self‐fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly—and confirming stereotypes about their social groups—causes students to perform poorly (154)
Stereotype Promise
A kind of self‐fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes, such as the “model minority” label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive performance outcomes (155)
Stigma
Erving Goffman’s term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group’s identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (155)
Passing
Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong (157)
In-Group Orientation
Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (157)
Outsiders
According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from “normal” society (157)
Deviance Avowal
Process by which an individual self‐identifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process (157)
Crime
A violation of a norm that has been codified into law (159)
Criminology
The systematic scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice (159)
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI’s official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies (160)
