Chapter 8 Vocab

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people (210)

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

A socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor (210)

Question 3

Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 3

An ethnic identity that is relevant only on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life (211)

Question 4

Situational Ethnicity

Answer 4

An ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation (211)

Question 5

Minority Group

Answer 5

A social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society’s dominant groups though its members are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups (213)

Question 6

Racism

Answer 6

A set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic (214)

Question 7

Prejudice

Answer 7

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it (214)

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice (214)

Question 9

Implicit Bias

Answer 9

Attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions (214)

Question 10

Individual Discrimination

Answer 10

Discrimination carried out by one person against another (215)

Question 11

Institutional Discrimination

Answer 11

Discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it (215)

Question 12

White Nationalism

Answer 12

The belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture (216)

Question 13

Privilege

Answer 13

Unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.) (216)

Question 14

Color-Blind Racism

Answer 14

An ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment (217)

Question 15

Race Consciousness

Answer 15

An ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences (217)

Question 16

Microaggressions

Answer 16

Everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups (217)

Question 17

Cultural Appropriation

Answer 17

The adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group’s gain (218)

Question 18

Reverse Racism

Answer 18

The claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and, therefore, experience social disadvantages (219)

Question 19

Antiracist Allies

Answer 19

Whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice (219)

Question 20

Critical Race Theory

Answer 20

The study of the relationships among race, racism, and power (222)

Question 21

Passing

Answer 21

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong (222)

Question 22

Double-Consciousness

Answer 22

W. E. B. DuBois’s term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States (223)

Question 23

Embodied Identity

Answer 23

Those elements of identity that are generated through others’ perceptions of our physical traits (223)

Question 24

Miscegenation

Answer 24

Romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races (224)

Question 25

Genocide

Answer 25

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group (231)

Question 26

Population Transfer

Answer 26

The forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied (232)

Question 27

Internal Colonialism

Answer 27

The economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation (232)

Question 28

Segregation

Answer 28

The physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity (232)

Question 29

Assimilation

Answer 29

A pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous (232)

Question 30

Racial Assimilation

Answer 30

The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage (234)

Question 31

Cultural Assimilation

Answer 31

The process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group’s culture (234)