Chapter 6 vocab Flashcards
(29 cards)
According to Hegel, the totality of the universe; a knowledge of this constitutes the only true knowledge, and separate aspects of the universe can be understood only in terms of their relationship to this; through the dialectic process, human history and the human intellect progress toward this
The absolute
A mind equipped with categories or operations that are used to analyze, organize, or modify sensory information and to discover abstract concepts or principles not contained within sensory experience; the rationalists postulated such a mind
Active mind
Kant’s proposed study of human behavior; such a study could yield practical information that could be used to predict and control behavior
Anthropology
Conscious experience
Apperception
According to Hebart, the cluster of interrelated ideas of which we are conscious at any given moment
Apperceptive mass
According to Kant, the moral directive that we should always act in such a way that the maxims governing our moral decisions could be used as a guide for everyone else’s moral behavior
Categorical imperitive
Those innate attributes of the mind that Kant postulated to explain subjective experiences we have that cannot be explained in terms of sensory experience alone–for example, the experiences of time, causality, and space
Categories of thought
The position, first proposed by Reid, that we can assume the existence of the physical world and of human reasoning powers because it makes common sense to do so
Commonsense philosophy
According to Hegel, the process involving an original idea, the negation of the original idea, and a synthesis of the original idea and its negation; the synthesis then become the starting point (the idea) of the next cycle of the developmental process
Dialectic process
The belief that sensory experience represents physical reality exactly as it is; also called naive realism
Direct realism
Spinoza’s contention that material substance and consciousness are two inseparable aspects of everything in the universe, including humans
Double aspectism (psychophysical double aspectism and double-aspect monism)
The belief that the mind consists of several powers or faculties
Faculty psychology
Like Spinoza, believed the universe to be an interrelated unity; this person called this unity the absolute, and he thought that human history and the human intellect progress via the dialectic process toward the absolute
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Likened ideas to Leibniz’s monads by saying that they had energy and a consciousness of their own; also said that ideas strive for consciousness; those ideas compatible with a person’s apperceptive mass are given conscious expression, whereas those that are not remain below the limen in the unconscious mind; considered one of the first mathematical and educational psychologists
Johann Friedrich Hebert (1776-1841)
Believed that experiences such as those of unity, causation, time, and space could not be derived from sensory experience and therefore must be attributable to innate categories of thought; also believed that morality is, or should be, governed by the categorical imperative; did not believe psychology could become a science because subjective experience could not be quantified mathematically
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Leibniz’s contention that there are no major gaps or leaps in nature; rather, all differences in nature are characterized by small gradations
Law of continuity
Believed that the universe consists of indivisible units called monads; God had created the arrangement of the monads, and therefore this was the best of all possible worlds; if only a few minute monads were experienced, petites perceptions resulted, which were unconscious; if enough minute monads were experienced at the same time, apperception occurred, which was a conscious experience
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)
For Leibniz and Herbart, the border between the conscious and the unconscious mind; also called the threshold
Limen
According to Leibniz, the indivisible units that compose everything in the universe; all of these are characterized by consciousness, but some more than others; inert matter possesses only dim consciousness, and then with increased ability to think clearly come plants, animals, humans, and, finally, God; the goal of each of these is to think as clearly as it is capable of doing; because humans share these with matter, plants, and animals, sometimes our thoughts are less clear
Monads
The belief that bodily events and mental events are coordinated by God’s intervention
Occasionalism
The belief that God is present everywhere and in everything
Pantheism
A mind whose contents are determined by sensory experience; it contains a few mechanistic principles that organize, store, and generalize sensory experiences; the British empiricists and the French sensationalist tended to postulate such a mind
Passive mind
According to Leibniz, a perception that occurs below the level of awareness because only a few monads are involved
Petites perceptions
Leibniz’s contention that God had created the monads composing the universe in such a way that a continuous harmony existed among them; this explained why mental and bodily events were coordinated
Preestablished harmony
