chapter 66 (exam 2)

Question 1

patients with respiratory diseases have increased risks for complications due to:

Answer 1

breathing function
medication use
drug interactions

Question 2

what are many respiratory diseases caused by?

Answer 2

use of tobacco products

Question 3

what are the anatomical structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

sinuses, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and pleura

Question 4

what type of cells line the respiratory tract?

Answer 4

ciliated epithelial cells and mucous secreting goblet cells

Question 5

what are the two types of respiratory disease?

Answer 5

upper resp. tract and lower resp. tract

Question 6

these types of diseases affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, flu

Answer 6

acute upper respiratory tract

Question 7

this type of disease includes allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

Answer 7

chronic upper resp. tract

Question 8

what are the more common UR infections caused by?

Answer 8

infections and allergies

Question 9

how are UR transmissed?

Answer 9

inhalation of airborne droplets, indirectly by contaminated hands or articles freshly soiled with discharge of nose or throat of infected person

Question 10

what does acute lower resp. tract disease include?

Answer 10

acute bronchitis or pneumonia

Question 11

what does chronic lower resp. tract disease include?

Answer 11

TB, asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema,

Question 12

this is an acute resp. infection that involves large airways such as trachea and bronchi.. primary symptoms are cough with or without phlegm and may last up to three weeks

Answer 12

acute bronchitis

Question 13

what are the symptoms of lower resp. tract disease?

Answer 13

wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness

Question 14

what is the most common cause of TB?

Answer 14

mycobacterium tuberculosis (a rod shaped bacterium)

Question 15

an infection and subsequent inflammation of the lungs, may be caused by either viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma or parasites

Answer 15

Pneumonia

Question 16

this is a chronic, infectious, and communicable disease with worldwide public health significance as a cause of disability and death, esp. in developing countries

Answer 16

tuberculosis (tb)

Question 17

what are the tests used to determine exposure to TB?

Answer 17

TST..aka mantoux test, PPD

Interferon gamma release essay (IGRA)

Question 18

This is a chronic resp. disease consisting of recurrent episodes of dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing leading to bronchial inflammation and muscle contraction

Answer 18

asthma

Question 19

what is the most common type of asthma?

Answer 19

extrinsic (allergic or atopic): allergic triggers from outside the body

Question 20

this is an exaggerated inflammatory response triggered by inhalation of an environmental allergen such as dust pollen, or smoke

Answer 20

extrinsic asthma

Question 21

the triggers of this asthma is emotional stress, GERD, obesity..usually seen inadults

Answer 21

intrinsic

Question 22

what does COPD stand for?

Answer 22

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Question 23

what are the two most common types of COPD?

Answer 23

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 24

what is the physiology of the respiratory system?

Answer 24

Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to lungs/passageway for air exchg.
- Fresh air inhaled in the nasal cavity into lungs
- Exhaled air contains carbon dioxide (air that leaves the body)
- Gas exchange (at the cellular level) occurs in the alveoli at ends of bronchioles
- Cardiovascular system works w/ the respiratory system to pump oxygenated bl.
from lungs to all cells in the body and deoxygenated bl. back to the lungs.

Question 25

what are the categories of respiratory assessment?

Answer 25

A. Vital Signs B. Spirometry (p. 1111) C. Pulse Oximetry (test that measures Oxygen saturation levels) D. Chest X-ray (ck. for radiopacities in the lungs) E. Blood Gas Analysis F. Cytology (body cells and fluids) to determine the presence of microorganisms.

Question 26

how does TB develop?

Answer 26

- Inhaled tubercle bacilli travel to the lung where the infection begins. - TB can affect any organ but M. tuberculosis can survive in high oxygen, such as the lungs.

Question 27

what types of oral manifestations occur with TB?

Answer 27

Occurs in the oral cavity from pulmonary organisms in infected sputum brought on by coughing. - Classic lesion-painful, deep, irregular ulcer (Fig. 66-5, p. 1118.) - You can also find lesions on the palate, lips, bm, and gingiva. - A biopsy confirms dx. of TB. - Glandular swelling in cervical and submand. Lymph nodes can be affected w/ TB.

Question 28

What are the types of asthma?

Answer 28

A. Extrinsic (allergic or atopic): allergic triggers from outside the body. B. Intrinsic (non-allergic): non-allergic triggers from within the body. C. Drug- or food-induced (non-allergenic, non-atopic). D. Exercised-induced: vigorous physical activity. E. Infection-induced: lung infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Question 29

what is one of the five types of antibodies produced by the body

Answer 29

IgE

Question 30

IgE breaks down the allergens and removes them from the body. Normally, this activity does not produce noticeable symptoms.

Answer 30

normal inflammatory reaction

Question 31

People with asthma are believed to “hyperreact” and produce more IgE antibodies than normal. This can result in symptoms of asthma: wheezing, coughing, dyspnea.

Answer 31

asthmatic hypersensitivity reaction

Question 32

what are the oral manifestations of asthma?

Answer 32

 Beta-2 agonist inhalers cause a decrease in salivary flow  Dental biofilm pH and are associated with xerostomia and a possible increase in caries and gingivitis in patients.  Increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with use of beta-2 agonists and theophylline, which may contribute to enamel erosion.  Oral candidiasis may occur with high dosage or frequency of inhaled corticosteroids.  Occurrence may decrease with use of a “spacer” or aerosol-holding chamber attached to metered-dose inhaler and rinsing mouth with water after each use.

Question 33

described as a widening of the airways destroying the alveolar walls of the bronchioles.

Answer 33

emphysema

Question 34

what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 34

* Difficulty breathing upon exertion * Dry cough * Barrel chested * Weight loss * Chest x-ray abnormalities * Purses lips to forcibly expel

Question 35

what oral manifestations are associated with COPD?

Answer 35

chronic smokers with COPD have an increased risk of developing halitosis; nicotine stomatitis; periodontal disease; oral cancer; extrinsic tooth stains.

Question 36

Complex, genetic, life-limiting disorder involving the pancreas, liver and lungs.

Answer 36

cystic fibrosis

Question 37

what oral manifestations are associated with cystic fibrosis?

Answer 37

* Gingivitis w/dry mouth | * To facilitate breathing: adapt chair positioning and avoid use of rubber dam.

Question 38

what are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 38

fever greater than 100.4 productive cough chest pain shortness of breath visible on chest xray

Question 39

what are the early stages of clinical signs of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 39

failure to thrive in infancy persistent cough and wheezing recurrent pneumonia excessive appetite but poor weight gain salty skin bulky foul smelling stools

Question 40

what are the late stage clinical signs of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 40

tachypnea sustained chronic cough with mucus production and vomiting barrel chest cyanosis and digital finger clubbing exertional dyspnea with decreased exercise capacity pneumothorax right heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Question 41

this is sleep related breathing disorders are usually due to chronic airway obstruction

Answer 41

sleep apnea syndrome