exam 1 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
what factors affect the need for insulin?
A
Food intake, illness, stress, variations in exercise, or infections.
2
Q
this is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium with a high mortality rate
A
infective endocarditis
3
Q
what are responsible for IE in most cases?
A
strep and staph
4
Q
this is the most common disorder of the valve that causes regurgitation
A
mitral valve prolapse
5
Q
what are the types of heart defects?
A
ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosis
6
Q
how may a stable angina be precipitated?
A
exertion or exercise, emotion or a heavy meal
7
Q
anomalies of the anatomic structure of the heart or major blood vessels, result following irregularities of development during the first weeks in utero?
A
nine weeks
8
Q
what is the normal blood pressure range?
A
120/80
9
Q
this is the cardiac disability, acute and chronic that arises from reduction or arrest of blood supply to the myocardium
A
ischemic heart disease
10
Q
nicotine is released in mouth as lozenge dissolves and is sweetened with manifold
A
nicotine lozenge
11
Q
when is the heart completely developed by?
A
fetal 9th week
12
Q
how much nicotine is in Bidi?
A
1.5-4.1 mg
13
Q
this is a complication following rheumatic fever
A
rheumatic heart disease
14
Q
what vitamins are relevant for skin and mucous membranes?
A
vitamins A, B complex and ascorbic acid (C)
15
Q
stage 2 hypertension range?
A
greater than 160/ greater than 100
16
Q
these are foods and beverages that lower the oral pH and are conductive to dental caries; the degree of this depends on many factors including physical form, texture, and consistency of the carbohydrate containing food
A
cariogenic
17
Q
this is common to treat type 2 diabetes in conjunction with diet, exercise and a s.t. injection of insulin
A
oral medication
18
Q
what is considered the 3rd leading cause of preventable death?
A
ETS
19
Q
what are other names for ETS?
A
passive, involuntary, or second hand smoke
20
Q
how much amount of nicotine delivery is in a cigarette?
A
0.7-2.0 mg
21
Q
early symptoms of high BP
A
occipital headaches dizziness visual disturbances weakness ringing in the ears tingling of hands and feet
22
Q
what is the pre-hypertension BP range?
A
120-139 / 80-89
23
Q
where does absorption of nicotine occur?
A
lungs
skin
oral, buccal and nasal mucosa
GI tract
24
Q
this is a hormone produced in the pancreas
A
insulin
25
when smoking and alcohol are consumed what can increase?
chances for neoplasms and oral problems
26
what are the functions of insulin?
1. facilitates glucose uptake from blood into tissues, which lowers blood glucose level.
2. speeds the oxidation of glucose within the cells to use for energy.
3. speeds the conversion of glucose to glycogen to store in the liver and skeletal muscles and to prevent the conversion of glycogen back to glucose
4. facilitates conversion of glucose to fat in adipose tissue
27
what is the purpose of dietary assessment?
identify the pt. who may be at nutritional and oral risk
refer to dietician
provide opp. for pt. to study personal deit habits
obtain picture of all types of food/preferences
study food habits
record frequency of cariogenic foods
determine overall consistency of diet
identify nutritional status
plan with pt. for necessary changes to improve health of oral mucosa
28
this type of diabetes results from the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
type 1
29
these nutrients are associated with wound healing and tissue repair
B complex, C- collagen formation and intracellular material and healing the tissue following scaling and rp, biotin, folic acid and pantothenic acid
30
this test is used to diagnose with an A1c value from 5.7-6.4%
HbA1c
31
what is the pH level of demineralization?
below 5.5
32
how many carcinogens are in smokeless tobacco?
28
33
what are the two classifications of cardiovascular disease?
anatomic: disease of heart, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and hearth valves
etiologic: congenital, atherosclerosis, infectious agents
34
what type of diet encourages plaque build up?
soft sticky diet
35
what are some nicotine replacement therapies?
nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine lozenge
36
when does rheumatic fever occur?
usually 2-3 weeks after a beta hemolytic group of strep
37
what are risk factors for IE?
Pre existing cardiac abnormalities
prosthetic heart valves
history of IE
intravenous drug abuse
38
how does varenicline tartrate work?
reduces cravings for nicotine and reduces the release of dopamine..
39
this goes by age and gender, and estimates nutritional requirements for the individual
Estimated average requirements
40
nicotine is released through skin known as transdermal delivery
nicotine patch
41
this is the major cause of COPD including emphysema and bronchitis
smoking
42
this is the most prevalent type of diabetes accounts of 90-95% patients with diabetes
type 2
43
what is a term for excessive urination?
polyuria
44
how is nicotine distributed?
delivered to brain by blood stream in less than 20 seconds
45
what are complications of diabetes?
infection, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, amputation, pregnancy comp, psychosocial aspects
46
what was the name of myplate first?
food pyramid in 1991 by USDA
47
In this type of hypertension, usually both systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated.
secondary
48
this type of hypertension is life threatening that comes on suddenly with diastolic reading above 130
malignant hypertension
49
what can tobacco chemicals be categorized as?
carcinogenic, respiratory toxicsnt, reproductive or developmental intoxicant
50
what are other common names for type 1 diabetes?
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, or juvenile onset diabetes
51
Drugs most commonly used to prevent or delay blood coagulation are..
heparin and coumarin derivatives
52
is an electronic stimulator used to send a specified electrical current to the heart to control or maintain a minimum heart rate.
cardiac pacemaker
53
what is the most common artery associated with a myocardial coronary artery?
anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
54
hypertension is more common in what race?
African americans
55
this is transmucosal delivery: nicotine is released in the mouth during chewing
nicotine gum
56
what type of diet stimulates the tissues?
crunchy foods and fruits and veggies
57
how much nicotine is in moist snuff?
0.01-7.8 mg/g
58
how much nicotine is in kretek?
1.9-2.6 mg
59
calcium makes up what percentage of teeth?
99% bones and teeth
1% tissue and fluids
60
what percentage of adults use some sort of tobacco?
25%
61
how many chemicals do tobacco contain?
7,357
62
what kind of adverse effects can smoking cause on pregnant people?
low birth weight
pre term delivery
spontaneous abortion
63
this is NOT a contraindication to placement of a dental implant
well controlled diabetes
64
this is a transmucosal delivery- released during inhalation or puffing
nicotine inhaler
65
this means the passageway is open between two great arteries that arise from the heart, namely, the aorta and pulmonary heart
patent ductus arterious
66
most common side effects of blood pressure medicines
* Cough
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Dizziness or light-headedness
* Erection problems
* Feeling nervous
* Feeling tired, weak, drowsy, or a lack of energy
* Headache
* Nausea or vomiting
* Skin rash
* Weight loss or gain without trying
67
what nourishes the oral tissues?
total daily diet
68
when periodontitis is present with tobacco users what happens?
gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular flow are diminished
69
known as the silent killer
hypertension
70
what is the first non nicotine medication shown to be effective for tobacco cessation... approved by the FDA
Bupropion SR
71
this vitamin is relevant for tooth structure and integrity?
vitamin A
72
symptoms of hypoglycemia
```
mental confusion
sweating
irritability
palpitations
shakiness
pallor
headache
seizur
coma
```
73
this provides healthy eating patterns that focus on maintaining a healthy weight and includes food safety to avoid foodborne illness
dietary guidelines for americans
74
when a patient has acitone of a fruity smell. this is a symptom of?
ketoacidosis
75
many risk factors of this are also risk factors for atherosclerosis
periodontal disease
76
during an extra oral exam what are some things to look for
breath and body odor
yellow fingers or brown tint to finger nails
wrinkling skin
lesions on lips
77
are used in the tx. of many cardiovascular diseases to prevent embolus and thrombus formation (clotting).
Anticoagulants
78
what are people with poorly controlled diabetes at risk for?
```
blindness
kidney failure
heart disease
stroke
amputation of toes, feet, legs
```
79
what are the three classic symptoms of diabetes?
polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria
80
this crosses the placenta and have higher levels than in the mother
nicotine and carbon monoxide
81
aprox. 90% of hypertension is...
primary or essential
82
what is a term for excessive hunger?
polyphagia
83
what are manifestations of ischemic heart disease?
angina pectoris
myocardial infarction
congestive heart failure
84
what are the types of insulin?
rapid acting, regular or short acting, intermediate acting, or long acting
85
what are some diseases that contribute to CHF?
coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, thyroid disorders, alcohol or illegal drug use, HIV/AIDS
86
what are the risk factors for diabetes?
Adults overweight with a BMI > 25 and have other risk factors like:
• Physical inactivity.
• First degree relative with diabetes.
• High risk race/ethnicity such as African American,
• Hispanic, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander.
• Women who have delivered a baby over 9 pounds or had gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
• Hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) or taking antihypertensive medications.
• Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
• History of cardiovascular disease.
• A1c > 5.7%
87
how is nicotine directly absorbed?
gingiva and oral mucosa membranes
88
what is the single most preventable cause of disease and premature death in the world?
tobacco
89
what is put in the air once tobacco is ignited?
carcinogens (ETS)
90
how are diabetes and periodontal disease associated?
to the inflammatory process involving the pathogenesis of both disease
91
what minerals are relevant for skin and mucous membranes?
zinc and iron
92
this is an inflammatory disease of medium and large arteries in which atheromas deposit and thicken the intimal layer of the involved blood vessel
artherosclerosis
93
what does the numerous oral conditions attributed to tobacco use vary on??
the type used
94
this is a nasal mucous membrane delivery
nicotine nasal spray
95
diabetes is the leading cause of?
renal disease and most common cause of end stage renal disease
96
what is ischemic heart disease the result of?
imbalance of the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium resulting from a narrowing or blocking of the lumen of the coronary arteries
97
is the emergency more likely to occur in the dental setting
hypoglycemia
98
this is when there is any degree of glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy
gestational diabetes mellitus
99
this results from insulin deficiency, resistance to insulin action or both
hyperglycemia
100
what are relevant minerals for tooth structure and integrity?
calcium, phosphorus, fluoride
101
who does rheumatic fever effect?
children between ages 5 and 15
102
this is the cardiac disability, acute, and chronic, that arises from reduction or arrest of blood supply to the myocardium?
ischemic heart disease
103
what is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
60-100 mg/dL and the hemoglobin A1c is less than 5.7%
104
dietary counseling is an important part of what?
caries control, perio maintenance, and hygiene treatment plan
105
what was the first report of a surgeon general that focused on oral health?
surgeon general report
specifically identified tobacco use as a risk factor for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer
106
this is the result of an imbalance of the oxygen blood supply and demand of the myocardium resulting from a narrowing or blocking of the lumen of the coronary arteries?
ischemic heart disease
107
what can oral contraceptives do to women who have secondary hypertension?
may elevate blood pressure, more likely to occur in women who are overweight, have a history of hypertension during pregnancy, have a family history, or have mild kidney disease.
108
what are precipitating factors of IE?
self induced bacteremia
infection at portals entry
trauma to tissues by instrumentation
109
symptoms of hyperglycemia
```
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
weight loss
blurred vision
increased susceptibility
impaired growth
ketoacidosis
```
110
what is the prevalence of GDM?
9.2% of pregnancies
111
this test measures the quantity of high glucose bound to a hemoglobin molecule
A1c
112
which type of diabetes require insulin for survival?
type 1
113
what vitamin is associated with angular chelosis?
riboflavin (b2)
folate
iron
vitamin b6 and b12
114
what is a major risk factor for heart disease?
smoking and the development of atherosclerosis
115
there is a relationship between what that affects cardiovascular system?
2nd hand smoke and risk of stroke
116
what percentage of lung cancers is smoking responsible for?
87%
117
what are the purposes of government standards?
aid in education for pts. about dietary needs and goals for health promotion
help achieve adequate diet for public
make recommendations relating to poor food habits like missed meals, leaving out essential foods and nutrients and illogical dieting
making recommendations for oral health
motivate for behavorial modification
118
the most common symptom of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease
angina pectoris
119
how much nicotine is in hookah?
100-200 times volume of cigarette smoke
120
occurs when a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position.
orthostatic or postural hypotension
121
this is a drug in tobacco that is most addictive
nicotine
122
Too much insulin (hyperinsulinism), which lowers level of blood glucose(hypoglycemia).
insulin shock
123
what are the 5 A's used for motivational interviewing?
```
ask
advice
assess
assist
arrange
```
124
this is a term for categories of reference values to meet general needs for the health population to prevent deficiencies, toxicities, and chronic diseases...established for vitamins and minerals
dietary reference intakes
125
what are symptoms of nicotine withdraw syndrome?
```
dysphoric or distressed mood
insomnia
irritability, frustration and anger
anxiety
difficulty concentrating
restlessness
decreased heart rate
increased appetite or weight gain
cravings for tobacco
```
126
stage 1 hypertension range?
140-159 / 90-99
127
the health of oral tissues can be affected by what?
nutrition, diet, and food habits
128
these are recommendations for the average amts. of recommended nutrients that need to be consumed on a daily basis, for nutrients to prevent deficiency
recommended dietary allowance
129
what was the dietary guidelines for americans established by?
US dept of agriculture and US dept of health and human services
130
in this type of defect, the left and right ventricles of the heart exchange blood through an opening in their dividing wall
ventricular septal defect
131
this is the primary cause of lung cancer
smoking
132
is frequently recognized only by blood pressure readings. The condition may go unrecognized because of the lack of clinical symptoms.
essential hypertension
133
former names for type 2 diabetes?
noninsulin dependent, or adult onset
134
what are the systemic effects of tobacco?
cardiovascular, pulmonary diseases and cancer
135
when do most congential anomalies effect?
between 5th and 8th week of fetal life
136
what are the characteristics of major sequel of long standing elevation of blood pressure?
brain, eyes, heart and kidney may undergo marked changes in function
hypertensive heart disease; enlarged heart with eventual cardiac failure
cerebral vascular accident
hypertensive renal disease
ischemic heart disease
137
this is a group of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus
138
what is a term for excessive thirst?
polydipsia
139
with this type of diabetes, the pt. exhibits insulin resistance that impairs the use of insulin
type 2
140
in a healthy heart flows in one direction....
one direction as each chamber contracts with the valves acting as a trap doors that snap shut after each contraction to prevent backflow of blood
141
what are the effective combinations of nicotine therapies?
nicotine patch and nicotine gum or spray
nicotine patch and nicotine inhaler
nicotine patch and bupropion SR
142
what has been associated with maternal smoking?
cleft lip, cleft palate and delayed tooth formation
143
pts. with diabetes are 2-4 greater risk for more?
severe periodontal disease
144
a device that is surgically placed in the chest or abdomen to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
145
this is the second non nicotine medication shown to be effective for smoking cessation and approved by the FDA.
Varenicline tartrate
146
what are some lifestyle modifications for hypertension and or overall cardiovascular risk?
lose 5-10% of body weight if overweight
limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 oz of ethanol per day
exercise daily
reduce sodium intake
maintain daily potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake
stop use of tobacco
reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake
147
what is the most systematic and effective method for tobacco related conditions around the mouth?
extraoral and intraoral exam
148
dietary assessment is important during what?
early tooth development and essential in preventing caries
149
what can contribute to perio disease progression?
malnutrtion
