Chapter 7

Question 1

Is a social condition in which norms and values are conflicting, weak or absent.

Answer 1

Anomie

Question 2

Refers to the people who own the capital and do not have to sell their labor.

Answer 2

Capital class

Question 3

May involve going along with peers and/or following societal norms.

Answer 3

Conformity

Question 4

Is based on control theory and focuses on a strong self-image as a means of defending against negative peer pressure.

Answer 4

Containment theory

Question 5

Is the idea that there are two control systems, inner and outer, that work against our tendencies to deviate.

Answer 5

Control theory

Question 6

Are the illegal actions of people acting on behalf of the corporation

Answer 6

Corporate crimes

Question 7

Includes the police, courts and prisons that deal with criminal laws and their enforcement.

Answer 7

criminal justice system

Question 8

Is the scientific study of the causes of criminal behavior in the individual and society.

Answer 8

Criminology

Question 9

Are the legitimate objectives of members of society

Answer 9

Cultural goals

Question 10

Is the use of a punishment to prevent people from committing crimes.

Answer 10

Deterrence

Question 11

Is a violation of rules or norms.

Answer 11

Deviance

Question 12

Involves all persons judged as deviant and follows a career process marked by several stages. Among the stages are entry, mobility or maturity and exit.

Answer 12

Deviant career

Question 13

Is a theory of deviance that believes people will deviate or conform depending on their associations.

Answer 13

Differential association

Question 14

Refers to the way different groups of people are at a disadvantage in the criminal justice system. Social control is applied differently to different groups of people.

Answer 14

Differential justice

Question 15

Refers to criminal acts against a person or a person’s property by an offender who is motivated by racial or other biases.

Answer 15

Hate crime

Question 16

Is used by the UCR to report only the most serious Part 1 offense when multiple crimes are committed in connection with one another.

Answer 16

Hierarchy rule

Question 17

Are relative opportunity structures outside laws and social norms that frame a person’s life.

Answer 17

Illegitimate opportunity structures

Question 18

Is an annual study of crimes and occurrences conducted by the FBI. The crime index includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, robbery, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny and motor-vehicle theft.

Answer 18

Index crimes

Question 19

Include approved ways of reaching cultural goals.

Answer 19

Institutional means

Question 20

Is participation in illegal activity by minors who fall under the statutory age limit (youth crime).

Answer 20

Juvenile delinquency

Question 21

Is the idea that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, and, therefore, channel behavior either into or away from conformity.

Answer 21

Labeling theory

Question 22

Includes the most desperate members of society who have few skills and little job security. They often are unemployed.

Answer 22

Marginal working class

Question 23

Means to relate deviance to an underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians.

Answer 23

Medicalization of deviance

Question 24

Is an over-the-phone survey asking respondents what crimes they have been a victim of in a specific time period. It serves as the primary source of criminal victimization data in the United States.

Answer 24

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Question 25

Occurs in a persons’ routine or daily life, if and when opportunity knocks, as opposed to a professional crime that is planned.

Answer 25

Opportunistic crime

Question 26

Is a highly disciplined business organization whose profits come from illegal activity.

Answer 26

Organized crime

Question 27

Refers to crime or acts committed to harm the state, the state’s government or the political system in general.

Answer 27

Political crime

Question 28

Is the first occurrence of a violation of a norm, which the committing actor does not view as deviant. Thus, it would have little to no effect on a person’s self-concept.

Answer 28

Primary deviance

Question 29

Is when someone uses special skills, experience, methods or instruments to commit a crime while considering the activity to be that person’s basic occupation or as a main or additional source of income. The most common type is fraud, and all professional crime is for personal gain.

Answer 29

Professional crime

Question 30

Is an authoritative imposition of something negative or unpleasant on a person in response to behavior considered bad.

Answer 30

Punishment

Question 31

Represent the number of people rearrested for committing the same types of crimes.

Answer 31

Recidivism rates

Question 32

Refer to rewards for normal behaviors and penalties for abnormal behaviors.

Answer 32

Sanctions

Question 33

Is a response to primary deviance by which a person repeatedly violates a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity.

Answer 33

Secondary deviance

Question 34

Involves techniques and strategies for maintaining order and preventing deviant behavior in a society.

Answer 34

Social control

Question 35

Is the collective acknowledgment of cultural norms and shared expectations and includes social arrangements upon which members depend.

Answer 35

Social order

Question 36

Discredit a person’s claim to a normal identity.

Answer 36

Stigmas

Question 37

Was developed by Robert Merton to describe the strain felt by some members of society when they do not have access to the institutional means to achieve cultural goals.

Answer 37

Strain theory

Question 38

Are crimes that occur in public places.

Answer 38

Street crimes

Question 39

Are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society’s norms.

Answer 39

Techniques of neutralization

Question 40

Occurs when a person who has been labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and attempts to redefine those deviant attributes or behavior.

Answer 40

Tertiary deviance

Question 41

Is the FBI’s documentation of crimes reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies around the country. It is a starting place for law enforcement officials, media, researchers, criminal justice students and members of the public who are seeking information on crime in the United States.

Answer 41

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Question 42

Are illegal acts committed by affluent individuals in the course of business activities.

Answer 42

White collar crimes