Chapter 7

Question 1

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

Answer 1

Human Movement System (HMS)

Question 2

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

Answer 2

kinetic chain

Question 3

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.

Answer 3

regional interdependence model

Question 4

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

Answer 4

biomechanics

Question 5

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

Answer 5

kinesiology

Question 6

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.

Answer 6

anatomic position

Question 7

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Answer 7

osteokinematics

Question 8

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

Answer 8

arthrokinematics

Question 9

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

Answer 9

sagittal plane

Question 10

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Answer 10

flexion

Question 11

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Answer 11

extension

Question 12

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Answer 12

hyperextension

Question 13

Flexion occurring at the ankle.

Answer 13

dorsiflexion

Question 14

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

Answer 14

planter flexion

Question 15

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions.

Answer 15

frontal plane

Question 16

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Answer 16

abduction

Question 17

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

Answer 17

adduction

Question 18

Bending of the spine from side to side.

Answer 18

lateral flexion

Question 19

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.

Answer 19

eversion

Question 20

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.

Answer 20

inversion

Question 21

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Answer 21

transverse plane

Question 22

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body.

Answer 22

internal rotation

Question 23

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.

Answer 23

external rotation

Question 24

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

Answer 24

horizontal abduction

Question 25

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

Answer 25

horizontal adduction

Question 26

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.

Answer 26

radioulnar pronation

Question 27

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.

Answer 27

radioulnar supination

Question 28

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.

Answer 28

pronation of the foot

Question 29

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.

Answer 29

supination of the foot

Question 30

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting.

Answer 30

gait

Question 31

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Answer 31

scapular retraction

Question 32

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

Answer 32

scapular protraction

Question 33

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.

Answer 33

scapular depression

Question 34

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.

Answer 34

scapular elevation

Question 35

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.

Answer 35

elasticity

Question 36

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Answer 36

ligament

Question 37

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.

Answer 37

flexibility

Question 38

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.

Answer 38

hypermobility

Question 39

When range of motion at a joint is limited.

Answer 39

hypomobility

Question 40

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

Answer 40

eccentric muscle action

Question 41

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

Answer 41

motor unit

Question 42

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.

Answer 42

concentric muscle action

Question 43

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

Answer 43

isometric muscle action

Question 44

The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.

Answer 44

core

Question 45

The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.

Answer 45

muscle action spectrum

Question 46

The primary muscles providing force for a movement.

Answer 46

agonists

Question 47

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.

Answer 47

synergists

Question 48

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.

Answer 48

stabilizers

Question 49

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.

Answer 49

feed-forward activation

Question 50

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles.

Answer 50

antagonists

Question 51

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

Answer 51

force

Question 52

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Answer 52

length-tension relationship

Question 53

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

Answer 53

resting length

Question 54

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 54

actin

Question 55

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 55

myosin

Question 56

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

Answer 56

sarcomere

Question 57

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.

Answer 57

muscle balance

Question 58

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

Answer 58

altered length-tension relationship

Question 59

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

Answer 59

reciprocal inhibition

Question 60

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

Answer 60

altered reciprocal inhibition

Question 61

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

Answer 61

muscle imbalance

Question 62

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion.

Answer 62

neutral position

Question 63

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.

Answer 63

stretch-shortening cycle

Question 64

Spring like noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.

Answer 64

series elastic component

Question 65

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

Answer 65

amortization phase

Question 66

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

Answer 66

stretch reflex

Question 67

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

Answer 67

integrated performance paradigm

Question 68

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Answer 68

tendon

Question 69

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.

Answer 69

force-couple relationship

Question 70

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal of the spine.

Answer 70

joint support systems

Question 71

Movement of the bones around the joints.

Answer 71

rotary motion

Question 72

A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm).

Answer 72

torque

Question 73

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Answer 73

motor behavior

Question 74

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Answer 74

motor control

Question 75

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior.

Answer 75

motor learning

Question 76

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

Answer 76

motor development

Question 77

Groups of muscles that are recruited simultaneously by the central nervous system to provide movement.

Answer 77

muscle synergies

Question 78

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Answer 78

mechanoreceptors

Question 79

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Answer 79

proprioception

Question 80

Cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Answer 80

sensorimotor integration

Question 81

Use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

Answer 81

feedback

Question 82

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Answer 82

internal feedback

Question 83

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

Answer 83

external feedback

Question 84

The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion.

Answer 84

neuromuscular efficiency