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embryology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

During the third and fourth weeks, the top layer (ectoderm) of the trilaminar embryonicdisc forms the neural plate that rolls up into a tube to form the brain and spinal cord by the process called ____

A

neurulation

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2
Q

The visceral layer rolls ventrally and is intimately connected to the gut tube; the parietal layer, together with the overlying ectoderm, forms the ____ (one on each side of the embryo), which move ventrally and meet in the midline to close the ventral body wall

A

lateral body wall folds

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3
Q

The visceral layer rolls ventrally and is intimately connected to the gut tube; the parietal layer, together with the overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds (one on each side of the embryo), which move ventrally and meet in the midline to close the ____

A

ventral body wall

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4
Q

The space between visceral and parietal layers of lateral plate mesoderm is the ___, which at this early stage is a continuous cavity, because it has not yet been subdivided into the pericardial, pleural, and abdominopelvic regions

A

primitive body cavity

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4
Q

At the end of the third week, ___ differentiates into paraxial mesoderm, which forms somitomeres and somites that play a major role in forming the skull and vertebrae; intermediate mesoderm, which contributes to the urogenital system; and lateral plate mesoderm, which is involved in forming the body cavity

A

intraembryonic mesoderm

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5
Q

At the end of the third week, intraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into ____, which forms somitomeres and somites that play a major role in forming the skull and vertebrae; intermediate mesoderm, which contributes to the urogenital system; and lateral plate mesoderm, which is involved in forming the body cavity

A

paraxial mesoderm

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6
Q

At the end of the third week, intraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into paraxial mesoderm, which forms somitomeres and somites that play a major role in forming the skull and vertebrae; ____, which contributes to the urogenital system; and lateral plate mesoderm, which is involved in forming the body cavity

A

intermediate mesoderm

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7
Q

Soon after it forms as a solid mesodermal layer, clefts appear in the lateral plate mesoderm that coalesce to split the solid layer into two:
(1) the____ adjacent to the surface ectoderm and continuous with the extraembryonic parietal mesoderm layer over the amnion. Together, the parietal (somatic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm and overlying ectoderm are called the ______;
(2) the _____ layer adjacent to endoderm forming the gut tube and continuous with the visceral layer of extraembryonic mesoderm covering the yolk sac

A

parietal (somatic) layer - somatopleure
Visceral (splanchnic)

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7
Q

At the end of the third week, intraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into paraxial mesoderm, which forms somitomeres and somites that play a major role in forming the skull and vertebrae; intermediate mesoderm, which contributes to the urogenital system; and _____, which is involved in forming the body cavity

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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8
Q

Together, the visceral (splanchnic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm and underlying endoderm are called the ___

A

splanchnopleure

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9
Q

The space created between the two layers of lateral plate mesoderm constitute the ___

A

primitive body cavity

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10
Q

During the fourth week, the sides of the embryo begin to grow ventrally forming two ___

A

lateral body wall folds

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11
Q

Similarly, closure of the gut tube is complete except for a connection from the midgut region to the yolk sac called the ___

A

Vitelline (yolk sac) duct

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11
Q

This closure is aided by growth of the head and tail regions (folds) that cause the embryo to curve into the ___

A

fetal position

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11
Q

Some cells of the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm lining the body wall of the primitive embryonic cavity become mesothelial and form the _____ lining the outside of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

A

parietal layer of the serous membranes

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12
Q

Some cells of the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm lining the body wall of the primitive embryonic cavity become mesothelial and form the parietal layer of the serous membranes lining the outside of the ____, ____, and ___

A

peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

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13
Q

In a similar manner, some cells of the visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm form the ____ covering the abdominal organs, lungs, and heart

A

Visceral layer of the serous membranes

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14
Q

Visceral and parietal layers are continuous with each other as the ____, which suspends the gut tube from the posterior body wall into the peritoneal cavity

A

dorsal mesentery

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15
Q

_____ exists only from the caudal foregut to the upper portion of the duodenum and results from thinning of mesoderm of the septum transversum, a block of mesoderm that forms connective tissue in the liver and forms a scaffold for formation of the diaphragm

A

Ventral mesentery

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15
Q

Ventral mesentery exists only from the caudal foregut to the upper portion of the duodenum and results from thinning of mesoderm of the ____, a block of mesoderm that forms connective tissue in the liver and forms a scaffold for formation of the diaphragm

A

septum transversum

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16
Q

These mesenteries are ____ of peritoneum that provide a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to the organs

A

double layers

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17
Q

___ occur in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis and involve the heart [ectopia cordis], abdominal viscera [gastroschisis], and/or urogenital organs bladder or cloacal exstrophy], depending on the location and size of the abnormality

A

Ventral body wall defects

18
Q

Ventral body wall defects occur in the thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis and involve the heart [_____], abdominal viscera [gastroschisis], and/or urogenital organs bladder or cloacal exstrophy], depending on the location and size of the abnormality

A

ectopia cordis

19
Q

Ventral body wall defects occur in the thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis and involve the heart [ectopia cordis], abdominal viscera [____], and/or urogenital organs bladder or cloacal exstrophy], depending on the location and size of the abnormality

A

gastroschisis

20
Q

Ventral body wall defects occur in the thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis and involve the heart [ectopia cordis], abdominal viscera [gastroschisis], and/or urogenital organs ______], depending on the location and size of the abnormality

A

bladder or cloacal exstrophy

21
Q

____ occurs when lateral body wall folds fail to close the midline in the thoracic region causing the heart to lie outside the body cavity

A

Ectopia cordis

22
Q

Sometimes, the closure defect begins at the caudal end of the sternum and extends into the upper abdomen resulting in a spectrum of abnormalities called ____

A

Cantrell pentalogy

23
Q

____ occurs when body wall closure fails in the abdominal region

A

Gastroschisis

24
Q

____ results from abnormal body wall closure in the pelvic region

A

Bladder or cloacal exstrophy

25
Q

___ represents another ventral body wall defect, but it does not arise from a failure in body wall closure

A

Omphalocele

25
Q

Instead, it originates when portions of the gut tube [the midgut] that normally herniates into the umbilical cord during the 6th to the 10th weeks [_____] fails to return to the abdominal cavity

A

physiological umbilical herniation

26
Q

The ___ is a thick plate of mesodermal tissue occupying the space between the thoracic cavity and the stalk of the yolk sac

A

septum transversum

27
Q

This septum does not separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities completely but leaves large openings, the ___, on each side of the foregut

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

28
Q

Ventral and lateral expansion is posterior to the ____

A

pleuropericardial folds

29
Q

With expansion of the lungs, mesoderm of the body wall forms two components:
(1) the definitive wall of the thorax
(2) the pleuropericardial membranes, which are extensions of the pleuropericardial folds that contain the ___ and ____

A

common cardinal veins and phrenic nerves

30
Q

With expansion of the lungs, mesoderm of the body wall forms two components:
(1) the definitive wall of the thorax
(2) the _____, which are extensions of the pleuropericardial folds that contain the common cardinal veins and phrenic nerves

A

pleuropericardial membranes

31
Q

Finally, they fuse with each other and with the root of the lungs, and the thoracic cavity is divided into the definitive ___ and two ____

A

pericardial cavity - pleural cavities

32
Q

In the adult, the pleuropericardial membranes form the ____

A

fibrous pericardium

33
Q

Although the pleural cavities are separate from the pericardial cavity, they remain in open communication with the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity by way of the ____

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

34
Q

During further development, the opening between the prospective pleural and peritoneal cavities is partially closed by
crescent-shaped folds, the ___, which project into the caudal end of the pericardioperitoneal canals

A

pleuroperitoneal folds

35
Q

By the seventh week, the folds become thinner to form the ____ that grow medially to fuse with the mesentery of the esophagus that forms the crura of the diaphragm around the aorta

A

pleuroperitoneal membranes

36
Q

By the seventh week, the folds become thinner to form the pleuroperitoneal membranes that grow medially to fuse with the mesentery of the esophagus that forms the ___ around the aorta

A

crura of the diaphragm

36
Q

The central region of these fused membranes forms the _____, whereas their periphery forms connective tissue that serves as a scaffold and guide
for migrating myoblasts

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

37
Q

These muscle cells originate from ___ to form the musculature of the diaphragm

A

cervical segments three to five (C3—C5)

38
Q

A ___, one of the more common malformations in the newborn [1/2,000], may be caused by shortness of the foregut that keeps the stomach in the thoracic region

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

38
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm is via the ___ that are derived from ventral primary rami of spinal nerves carrying motor and sensory fibers that also originate from C3 to C5

A

phrenic nerves

38
Q

In summary, the diaphragm is derived from
the following structures:
1. The two pleuroperitoneal membranes form the central tendon of the diaphragm and provide a connective tissue scaffold for muscle cells migrating in on the periphery.
2. Muscular components from somites at cervical segments three to five
3. The mesentery of the esophagus, in which the ___ of the diaphragm develop

A

crura

39
Q

Frequently, these smaller hernias arise in the ___ and a small peritoneal sac containing intestinal loops may enter the chest between the sternal and costal portions of the diaphragm

A

parasternal region

40
Q

” Mesoderm holds the tubes together, and the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form a ____ associated with the gut and a parietal (somatic) layer that, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds

A

visceral (splanchnic) layer

40
Q

Another type of smaller diaphragmatic hernia, an ____, is thought to be due to congenital shortness of the gut tube in the region of the lower esophagus

A

esophageal hernia

41
Q

” Mesoderm holds the tubes together, and the ____ splits to form a visceral (splanchnic) layer associated with the gut and a parietal (somatic) layer that, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds

A

lateral plate mesoderm

41
Q

” Mesoderm holds the tubes together, and the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form a visceral (splanchnic) layer associated with the gut and a parietal (somatic) layer that, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the ____

A

lateral body wall folds

42
Q

” Mesoderm holds the tubes together, and the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form a visceral (splanchnic) layer associated with the gut and a ___ that, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds

A

parietal (somatic) layer

embryology (21 decks)

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