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Science Yr 9 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease?

A

Anything that causes your body to stop working properly

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2
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Microscopic, unicellular organisms. They are decompers.

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3
Q

What are bacteria used for?

A

Medicines

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4
Q

What are bad bacteria called?

A

Pathogens

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5
Q

What are some examples of contagious diseases?

A

Tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria

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6
Q

What is quarantine?

A

Isolation from healthy people while you are sick to prevent them from getting sick.

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7
Q

What are bacterial infections treated with?

A

Antibiotics

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8
Q

What are some examples of bacteria entry?

A

Food and water, breathing in, cuts and wounds, sexual contact, other contact

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9
Q

What does the body’s first line of defence do?

A

Stop the pathogen from entering the body

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10
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence?

A

Skin, fluids like tears and saliva, nose hair and the digestive system

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11
Q

What does the skin do?

A

It works as a barrier against pathogens and protects internal organs

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12
Q

What does fluids do?

A

Contain mild antiseptic properties that can wash away dust and harmful substances

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13
Q

What does the nose hair do?

A

It filters air when it enters in. The rest get trapped by the mucus lining of the trachea

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14
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Pathogens can get killed by the acid in the stomach. Vomiting and diarrhoea are quick ways of getting rid of pathogens

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15
Q

When is the second line of defence activated?

A

When pathogens enter the body tissues

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16
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

Inflammation, histamine from damaged cells and neutrophils (white blood cells)

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17
Q

What is histamine?

A

A chemical that causes more blood to rush to an area

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18
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Consume bacteria. Dead neutrophils cause pus

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19
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

The lymphatic system

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20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A series of vessels and capillaries that fluid from cells to the heart. Areas of these contain lymph nodes. These contain large amounts of white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages.

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21
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Similart to neutrophils, but live for longer

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22
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Make antibodies. This causes pathogens to clamp together, letting macrophages destroy more pathogens at a time

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23
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

where a dead or weakened version of bacteria is injected it into you.

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24
Q

Why do vaccines work?

A

Your body reacts the same, so it teaches your body how to reach if you ever come into contact with that bacteria.

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25
What is a symptom?
An indicator of a disease
26
How can some diseases be prevented?
Hygiene
27
What is a virus?
A type of pathogen, but 100 times smaller than bacteria
28
What is a difference between a virus and bacteria?
They only grow and reproduce once inside the host
29
Ways to prevent a cold
Cover your mouth, wash hands, don’t share personal items with those who are ill, and avoid close contact with those sick
30
What does the cold virus attack?
The lining of the nose and mouth, causing extra mucus to build up
31
What is the flu?
Like a cold but more severe and develops more quickly
32
Characteristics of measles
* Viral * Starts with a runny nose and sore eyes * Then becomes a rash * Serious cases can lead to brain and hearing damage * One of the most contagious diseases
33
Characteristics of chickenpox
* Starts with a runny nose and a slight fever * Then causes a rash of small, very itchy blisters * Can remain inactive in the nervous system for many years * Then can reactivate as shingles
34
What are some parasitic diseases?
Malaria, amoebic dysentery
35
Characteristics of malaria
* Travelled by mosquitos * When mosquitos bite, it stops the blood from clotting * Now eradicated from Europe, North America and Australia
36
Characteristics of amoebic dysentery
* Spread by contaminated water * Caused when you swallow a cyst containing the parasite *Can remain infectious for years
37
What is fungi spread by?
Spread by spores
38
Characteristics of spores
They are everywhere. After finding a warm, moist environment, they will grow. On humans, that place is the groin and feet. It is contagious
39
What are some fungal infections?
Tinea and thrush
40
Characteristics of tinea
* Grows on hair, skin or nails * Grows from the centre, producing a red, inflamed ring * Feeds on dead skin cells * After it finishes with the dead cells, it will start to attack living cells * If not treated, the skin will crack and bleed * Can be treated with a fungicide
41
Characteristics of thrush
* White patches on the tongue, cheek, nappy rash for babies * Very itchy and uncomfortable * Can be caused by antibiotics if the antibiotics kill the bacteria that control fungi
42
How do proteins help us?
Growth and repair
43
Where can you get proteins from?
Meat, fish and dairy
44
How do carbs help us?
Main source of energy
45
Where can you get carbs from?
Starch, sugar, grains, fruit and vegetables
46
How do fats help us?
Twice as much energy as carbs
47
Where can you get fats from?
Oil, meat and dairy like cheese
48
What are some types of minerals?
Iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium
49
How does iron help you?
Part of haemoglobin
50
How does calcium and phosphorus help you?
Strong bones and teeth, and phosphorus also helps metabolism
51
How does sodium and potassium help you?
Balance water content. Needed by muscles and nerves
52
How do vitamins help you?
Control chemical reactions
53
How does water help you?
Causes chemical reactions of metabolism. Carries nutrients
54
What is in the first food sector?
Bread, cereal, rice, pasta, noodles
55
What is in the second food sector?
Vegetables, legumes
56
What is in the third food sector?
Milk, yoghurt, cheese
57
What is in the fourth food sector?
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, nuts
58
What is in the fifth food sector?
Fruits
59
What is under-nutrition?
When not enough nutrition is present to meet the needs of the body
60
What is kwashiorkor?
Where you develop a pot belly because of weak stomach muscles, hair loss, swollen legs and no energy. Caused by lack of protein
61
Scurvy
Causes gums to bleed, their teeth to fall out, their joints to become sore and swollen and wounds to be slow to heal. Caused by a lack of vitamin C
62
Rickets
Causes bones to remain soft. When babies learn to walk, they carry their weight for the first time. With rickets, then bones bend outwards. Caused by lack of Vitamin D
63
What can too much salt lead to?
Kidneys work overtime, kidney failure and is also linked to high blood pressure
64
What is high blood pressure?
When the pressure in the arteries stays high between heartbeats and rest. This strains the artery walls, becoming clogged. The heart pumps even faster to get blood through. It does not produce symptoms
65
What can high blood pressure cause?
Heart attack, stroke
66
What is a heart attack?
When part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies because of a block in the blood supply
67
What is a stroke?
When part of the brain is damaged or dies because of a block in the blood supply
68
Whast does caffeine do?
Speeds up the rate at which brain messages are sent around the body
69
What are some side effects to caffeine?
Increased breathing and heart rate, restlessness, dizziness and headaches
70
What is diabetes?
A lack of insulin. Insulin moves glucose from the blood to the cells. Without it, glucose remains in the blood, causing the energy needed for essential things not to happen.
71
Type 1 diabetes?
The body stops making insulin Even though they may eat well, they are undernourished because they cannot release energy from foods They have to regularly test the glucose levels in their blood and then get injected with insulin
72
Type 2 diabetes?
The body is resistant to insulin 85-90% of all cases Glucose levels are permanently high The glucose can convert to fat, so those people gain weight easily Can control with exercise and get injected with insulin
73
What is asbestos?
A group of fibrous minerals used to strengthen and fireproof material
74
What is asbestosis?
A lung disease when breathing in asbestos fibres
75
Symptoms of asbestosis
- Shortness of breath. - Persistent dry cough. - Chest tightness or chest pain - A dry, crackling sound in the lungs while breathing in
76
What is mesothelioma?
Cancer caused by asbestos

Science Yr 9 (9 decks)

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