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Chapter 7 Flashcards

The Structure Of The Nervous System (91 cards)

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1
Q

Afferent

A

An axon coursing toward and innervating a given structure.

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2
Q

Anterior

A

An anatomical reference meaning toward the nose or rostral.

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3
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

The middle of the three meninges, the three membranes that cover the surface of the central nervous system.

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4
Q

Basal Telencephalon

A

The region of the telencephalon lying deep in the cerebral hemispheres.

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

A system of central and peripheral nerves that innervates the internal organs, cardiovascular system, and glands

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5
Q

Brain

A

The part of the central nervous system contained in the skull, consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and retinas.

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6
Q

Bundle

A

A collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination.

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7
Q

Capsule

A

A collection of axons that connect the cerebrum with the brain stem.

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8
Q

Caudal

A

An anatomical reference meaning toward the tail, or posterior.

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9
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain (including the retinas) and spinal cord. See also peripheral nervous system.

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10
Q

Central Sulcus

A

The sulcus in the cerebrum that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

A structure derived from the rhombencephalon, attached to the brain stem at the pons; an important movement control center.

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12
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

A canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the midbrain.

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13
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The layer of gray matter that lies just under the surface of the cerebrum.

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14
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The two sides of the cerebrum, derived from the paired telencephalic vesicles.

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

In the central nervous system, the fluid produced by the choroid plexus that flows through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space.

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the forebrain; also called telencephalon.

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17
Q

Commissure

A

Any collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other side.

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18
Q

Connectome

A

A detailed wiring diagram of how neurons connect with one another via synapses.

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

An anatomical reference meaning on the opposite side of the midline.

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20
Q

Coronal Plane

A

An anatomical plane of section that divides the nervous system into anterior and posterior parts.

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21
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The great cerebral commissure, consisting of axons connecting the cortex of the two cerebral hemispheres.

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22
Q

Cortex

A

Any collection of neurons that forms a thin sheet, usually at the brain’s surface.

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23
Q

Cortical White Matter

A

A collection of axons lying just below the cerebral cortex.

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24
Cranial Nerves
Twelve pairs of nerves that arise from each side of the brain stem, numbered from anterior to posterior. Cranial nerve I is actually the olfactory tract, and cranial nerve II is the optic nerve; both are parts of the central nervous system. Cranial nerves III–XII, which are in the peripheral nervous system, perform many diverse functions.
25
Cytoarchitectural Map
A map, usually of the cerebral cortex, based on cytoarchitectural differences.
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Diencephalon
A region of the brain stem derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain). Diencephalic structures include the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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Differentiation
During embryonic development, the process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized.
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Dorsal
An anatomical reference meaning toward the back.
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Dorsal Horn
The dorsal region of the spinal cord containing neuronal cell bodies.
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Dorsal root
A bundle of sensory neuron axons that emerges from a spinal nerve and attaches to the dorsal side of the spinal cord. Dorsal root axons bring information into the spinal cord.
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Dorsal root ganglion
A collection of cell bodies of the sensory neurons that are part of the somatic PNS. There is one dorsal root ganglion for each spinal nerve.
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Dura mater
The outermost of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the surface of the central nervous system.
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Efferent
An axon originating in and coursing away from a given structure. See also afferent.
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Forebrain
The region of the brain derived from the rostral primary embryonic brain vesicle; also called prosencephalon. Forebrain structures include the telencephalon and the diencephalon.
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Forth ventricle
The CSF-filled space within the hindbrain.
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Frontal Lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying anterior to the central sulcus under the frontal bone.
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Ganglion
A collection of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Plural: ganglia.
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Gray Matter
A generic term for a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system. When a freshly dissected brain is cut open, neurons appear gray.
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Gyrus
A bump or bulge lying between the sulci of the cerebrum. Plural: gyri.
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Hindbrain
The region of the brain derived from the caudal primary embryonic brain vesicle; also called rhombencephalon. Hindbrain structures include the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
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Hippocampus
A region of the cerebral cortex lying adjacent and medial to the olfactory cortex. In humans, the hippocampus is in the temporal lobe and plays important roles in learning and memory and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
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Horizontal Plane
An anatomical plane of section that divides the nervous system into dorsal and ventral parts.
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Hypothalamus
The ventral part of the diencephalon, involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland.
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Internal Capsule
A large collection of axons that connects the telencephalon with the diencephalon.
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Ipsilateral
An anatomical reference meaning on the same side of the midline.
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Lateral
An anatomical reference meaning away from the midline.
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Lateral ventricle
The CSF-filled space within each cerebral hemisphere.
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Lemniscus
A tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon.
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Locus
A small, well-defined group of cells. Plural: loci.
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Medial
An anatomical reference meaning toward the midline.
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Medulla Oblongata
The part of the hindbrain caudal to the pons and cerebellum; also called medulla.
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Meninges
Three membranes that cover the surface of the central nervous system: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater. Singular: meninx.
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Midbrain
The region of the brain derived from the middle primary embryonic brain vesicle; also called mesencephalon. Midbrain structures include the tectum and the tegmentum.
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Midline
An invisible line that bisects the nervous system into right and left halves.
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Midsagittal Plane
An anatomical plane of section through the midline that is perpendicular to the ground. A section in the midsagittal plane divides the nervous system into right and left halves.
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Neocortex
The cerebral cortex, with six or more layers of neurons, found only in mammals.
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Nerve
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
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Neural Crest
The primitive embryonic peripheral nervous system, consisting of neural ectoderm that pinches off laterally as the neural tube forms.
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Neural Tube
The primitive embryonic central nervous system, consisting of a tube of neural ectoderm.
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Neurulation
The formation of the neural tube from the neural ectoderm during embryonic development.
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Nucleus
(1) The roughly spherical organelle in a cell body containing the chromosomes. (2) A clearly distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain.
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Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
A brain stem nucleus that receives sensory input and uses it to coordinate autonomic function via its outputs to other brain stem and forebrain nuclei and to the hypothalamus.
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Occipital Lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the occipital bone.
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Olfactory Bulb
A bulb-shaped brain structure derived from the telencephalon that receives input from olfactory receptor neurons.
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Olfactory Cortex
The region of the cerebral cortex connected to the olfactory bulb and separated from the neocortex by the rhinal fissure.
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Parietal Lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the parietal bone.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes all the spinal ganglia and nerves, cranial nerves III–XII, and the autonomic
68
Pia mater
The innermost of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the surface of the central nervous system.
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Pons
The part of the rostral hindbrain that lies ventral to the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle.
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Posterior
An anatomical reference meaning toward the tail or caudal.
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Rostral
An anatomical reference meaning toward the nose or anterior.
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Sagittal Plane
An anatomical plane of section that is parallel to the midsagittal plane.
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Somatic PNS
The part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles.
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Spinal Canal
The CSF-filled space within the spinal cord
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Spinal Cord
The part of the central nervous system in the vertebral column.
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Spinal Nerve
A nerve attached to the spinal cord that innervates the body.
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Sulcus
A groove in the surface of the cerebrum running between neighboring gyri. Plural: sulci.
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Tectum
The part of the midbrain lying dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct.
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Tegmentum
The part of the midbrain lying ventral to the cerebral aqueduct.
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Telencephalon
A region of the brain derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain). Telencephalic structures include the paired cerebral hemispheres that contain cerebral cortex and the basal telencephalon.
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Temporal Lobe
The region of the cerebrum lying under the temporal bone.
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Thalamus
The dorsal part of the diencephalon, highly interconnected with the cerebral neocortex.
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Third Ventricle
The CSF-filled space within the diencephalon.
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Tract
A collection of central nervous system axons with a common site of origin and a common destination.
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Ventral
An anatomical reference meaning toward the belly.
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Ventral Horn
The ventral region of the spinal cord containing neuronal cell bodies.
87
Ventral Root
A bundle of motor neuron axons that emerges from the ventral spinal cord and joins sensory fibers to form a spinal nerve. Ventral root axons carry information away from the spinal cord.
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Ventricular System
The cerebrospinal fluid–filled spaces inside the brain, consisting of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle.
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Visceral PNS
The part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands; also called autonomic nervous system.
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White Matter
A generic term for a collection of central nervous system axons. When a freshly dissected brain is cut open, axons appear white.

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