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Neuroscience > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

The Eye (54 cards)

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

The focusing of light by changing the shape of the eye’s lens.

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2
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

The fluid between the cornea and the lens of the eye.

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3
Q

Amacrine Cell

A

A neuron in the retina of the eye that projects neurites laterally in the inner plexiform layer.

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4
Q

Bipolar Cell

A

In the retina, a cell that connects photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

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5
Q

Center-surround Receptive Field

A

A visual receptive field with a circular center region and a surround region forming a ring around the center; stimulation of the center produces a response opposite that generated by stimulation of the surround.

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6
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

A muscle that controls the shape of the eye’s lens.

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7
Q

Color-opponent Cell

A

A cell in the visual system with an excitatory response to wavelengths of light of one color and an inhibitory response to wavelengths of another color; the color pairs that cancel each other are red–green and blue–yellow.

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8
Q

Cone Photoreceptors

A

A photoreceptor in the retina containing one of three photopigments that are maximally sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Cones are concentrated in the fovea, specialized for daytime vision

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9
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The membrane that folds back from the eyelids and attaches to the sclera of the eye.

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10
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent external surface of the eye.

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11
Q

Dark Adaption

A

The process by which the retina becomes more sensitive to light in dim light.

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12
Q

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)

A

A second messenger formed from guanosine triphosphate by the action of the enzyme guanylyl cyclase.

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13
Q

Diopter

A

A unit of measurement for the refractive power of the eye; the reciprocal of the focal distance.

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14
Q

Dark Current

A

The inward sodium current that occurs in photoreceptors in the dark.

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15
Q

Extraocular Muscle

A

A muscle that moves the eye in the orbit.

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16
Q

Fovea

A

The pit or depression in the retina at the center of the macula; in humans, the fovea contains only cone photoreceptors and is specialized for high-acuity vision.

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17
Q

Ganglion Cell

A

A cell in the retina that receives input from bipolar cells and sends an axon into the optic nerve.

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18
Q

Ganglion Cell Layer

A

A layer of the retina closest to the center of the eye, containing ganglion cells.

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19
Q

Inner Nuclear Layer

A

A layer of the retina of the eye containing the cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells.

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19
Q

Horizontal Cell

A

A cell in the retina of the eye that projects neurites laterally in the outer plexiform layer.

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20
Q

Inner Plexiform Layer

A

A layer of the retina of the eye, located between the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer; contains the neurites and synapses between bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells.

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21
Q

Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells

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A

Light-sensitive neurons in the ganglion cell layer of the retina that transduce light with the photopigment melanopsin.

22
Q

Iris

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A

The circular, pigmented muscle that controls the size of the pupil in the eye.

23
Q

Layer of Photoreceptors Outer Segments

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A

A layer of the retina farthest from the center of the eye containing the light-sensitive elements of the photoreceptors.

24
Lens
The transparent structure lying between the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor that enables the eye to adjust its focus to different viewing distances.
25
Light Adaption
The process by which the retina becomes less sensitive to light in bright light conditions.
26
M-type ganglion cell
A type of ganglion cell in the retina characterized by a large cell body and dendritic arbor, a transient response to light, and no sensitivity to different wavelengths of light; also called M cell.
27
Macula
(1) In the eye, a yellowish spot in the middle of the retina with relatively few large blood vessels; contains the fovea. (2) In the ear, a sensory epithelium in the otolith organs whose hair cells transduce head tilt and acceleration.
28
NonM-NonP ganglion cell
A ganglion cell in the retina that is not of the M type or P type, based on cell morphology and response properties. Of the variety of cell types in this category, some are known to be sensitive to the
29
OFF bipolar cell
A bipolar cell of the retina that depolarizes in response to dark (light OFF) in the center of its receptive field.
30
ON bipolar cell
A bipolar cell of the retina that depolarizes in response to light (light ON) in the center of its receptive field.
31
Optic disk
The location on the retina where optic nerve axons leave the eye.
32
Optic Nerve
The bundle of ganglion cell axons that passes from the eye to the optic chiasm.
33
Outer nuclear Layer
A layer of the retina of the eye containing the cell bodies of photoreceptors.
34
Outer Plexiform Layer
A layer of the retina of the eye between the inner nuclear layer and the outer nuclear layer; contains the neurites and synapses between photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells.
35
P-type ganglion cell
A type of ganglion cell in the retina characterized by a small cell body and dendritic arbor, a sustained response to light, and sensitivity to different wavelengths of light; also called P cell.
36
Parallel Processing
The idea that different stimulus attributes are processed by the brain in parallel using distinct pathways.
37
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
An enzyme that breaks down the cyclic nucleotide second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
38
Photoreceptors
A specialized cell in the retina that transduces light energy into changes in membrane potential.
39
Pupil
The opening that allows light to enter the eye and strike the retina.
40
Pupillary Light Reflex
An adjustment by the pupil to different levels of ambient light; the pupil’s diameter becomes larger in dim light and smaller in bright light, in response to retinal inputs to brain stem neurons that control the iris.
41
Receptive Field
The region of a sensory surface (retina, skin) that, when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of a neuron.
42
Refraction
The bending of light rays that can occur when they travel from one transparent medium to another.
43
Retina
A thin layer of cells at the back of the eye that transduces light energy into neural activity.
44
Rhodopsin
The photopigment in rod photoreceptors.
45
Rod Photoreceptors
A photoreceptor in the retina containing rhodopsin and specialized for low light levels. See also cone photoreceptor.
46
Sclera
The tough outer wall of the eyeball; the white of the eye.
47
Transducin
The G-protein that couples rhodopsin to the enzyme phosphodiesterase in rod photoreceptors.
48
Vision
The sense of sight.
49
Visual Acuity
The ability of the visual system to distinguish between two nearby points.
50
Visual Angle
A way to describe distance across the retina; an object that subtends an angle of 3.5° will form an image on the retina that is 1 mm across.
51
Visual Field
The total region of space viewed by both eyes when the eyes are fixated on a point.
52
Vitreous Humor
The jellylike substance filling the eye between the lens and the retina.
53
Young–Helmholtz Trichromacy Theory 
The theory that the brain assigns colors based on a comparison of the readout of the three types of cone photoreceptors.

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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