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Psychology Test 3 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Thinking

A

higher order mental process

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2
Q

What does thinking consist of

A

organizing and attempting to understand info and communicating info to others

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3
Q

What are he components of thought?

A

representations that resemble:

  1. Concepts
  2. images
  3. Schemas
  4. Scripts
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4
Q

Define mental Images:

A

representations that resemble the object or event represented

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5
Q

Define Concepts

A

mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on experience

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6
Q

Concepts are categorized in groups of:

A

objects
events
people

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7
Q

Concepts share ___________

A

common properties

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8
Q

Define prototypes

A

representative example of a concept

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9
Q

prototypes determine how we_______

A

respond to stimulus

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10
Q

Prototypes aid in

A

efficient processing of info

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11
Q

True/False

Prototypes never have errors.

A

False

they may have errors

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12
Q

Define Natural Concepts:

A

concepts formed from experiences in the real world

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13
Q

Define artificial concepts:

A

concepts learned from scholarly stuff

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14
Q

What are the levels of a concept hierarchy?

A

Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate levels

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15
Q

Example of a superordinate concept

A

fruit

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16
Q

Define superordinate concept

A

very general concept

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17
Q

Give an example of a basic level concept

A

an apple

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18
Q

give an example of a superordinate concept

A

Granny Smith apple

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19
Q

Define schema

A

knowledge clusters that provide expectations

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20
Q

Schemas provide expectations for:

A 
topics
events
objects
people
situations in one's life
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21
Q

Define script (event schema):

A

cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in a particular setting

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22
Q

good thinkers know a lot of______

A

algorithms

heuristics

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23
Q

Good thinkers know how to avoid______

A

Common impediments to problem solving and decision making

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24
Q

What are the 3 basic steps to problem solving?

A
  1. preparation
  2. Production
  3. Evaluation
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25
Define reasoning
using info to draw conclusions and make decisions
26
reasoning involves:
retrieving answers from LTM Trial and Error Algorithms
27
Define algorithms:
formula that is always successful
28
Wha is a syllogism?
specific formula that is logical
29
Define heuristic:
rule of thumb
30
Define Creativity:
combining responses or ideas in novel ways
31
Creativity is related to_____
divergent thinking | cognitive complexity
32
Creativity is not highly correlated to_____
intelligence
33
Creativity is_________
unusual but appropriate responses
34
What keeps us from improving our judgment and decisions?
Confirmation bias hindsight bias anchoring bias representative bias and availability bias
35
Confirmation bias statement:
when Im right, I'm Right
36
Hindsight bias statement:
I knew it all along
37
Anchoring bias is based on:
first impressions
38
Representative bias and availability bias is:
impulse thinking
39
Define intelligence:
mental capacity to learn from experience, acquirence of knowledge, and use resources efficiently to adapt or solve problems
40
What is especially active during intelligence-test-type questions?
lateral prefrontal cortex
41
What is the left side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible fore?
verbal intelligence
42
What is the right side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
spatial knowledge
43
Spearman's g Factor states
intelligence involves 2 different abilities if you are superior in one, you are superior in it overall is a psychometric theory of intelligence
44
gardner's Multiple Intelligences states;
states we have many intelligences (9) and can excel in multiple ones IS A PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Of INTELLIGENCE
45
What does Sternberg's triachic theory state:
there is 3 kinds of intelligence | is a psychometric theory of intelligence
46
what are the 3 types of intelligence according to Sternberg?
analytical creative practical
47
How is intelligence measured?
it is a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of task (verbal and nonverbal)
48
what is normal distribution on the IQ curve?
bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population
49
What is the normal range on the IQ curve?
scores falling in the middle 2/3's of a normal distribution
50
What is your mental age?
test result from a type of IQ test that tells you what your mental capacity is accordion to mental age
51
what does bnet's psychometric test find out?
it measures mental age
52
What is the equation to find IQ?
``` IQ = MA / CA * 100 MA = Mental age CA = Child's Age ```
53
What does Wechsler's psychometric test do?
his test was the first to have different questions for different age groups gives a score more like an ACT does
54
What are characteristics of psychometric tests:
reliability validity Norms
55
What is morns?
standardization
56
What are some things that effect IQ?
nature vs. nurture influences of the environment influences on mental ability
57
Explain nature vs. nurture
nature is heredity or genes nurture is environment both play a role in how much intelligence you have
58
What were twin and adoption studies done to study?
nature vs. nurture
59
explain influences of the environment
mainly effects of early environment
60
What are some influences on mental ability:
prenatal care nutrition toxins stress
61
Define heritability:
amount of trait variation within a group that can be contributed to genetic differences
62
Define Mental retardation
having significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning
63
How much of the population is effected by mental retardation?
1%-3%
64
Mental retardation has to happen before what age?
22
65
What can cause mental retardation?
``` birth accidents prenatal genetic brain damage toxins ```
66
define intellectual giftedness
having significantly above-average intellectual functioning
67
How much of the population is intellectually gifted?
2%-4%
68
What test was done on intellectual giftedness?
Terman's Longitudial study of adjustment
69
Define language:
communication using symbols
70
What 5 things compose language?
``` grammar Syntax Morphemes Semantics Phonemes ```
71
Define grammar:
system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
72
Define syntax
system of rules for combining words and parses to form grammatically correctsentencs
73
Define morphemes
smallest meaning within a language
74
Define semantics:
rules for determining the meanings of words and sentences
75
Define phonemes:
basic units of sound in a language
76
Define pragmatics:
practical aspects of communicating with others
77
What is an example of a pragmatic?
knowing how to take turns in conversations
78
Define the linguistic relativity hypothesis:
though processes and concepts are controlled by language
79
Define Creativity:
combining responses or ideas in novel ways
80
Creativity is related to_____
divergent thinking | cognitive complexity
81
Creativity is not highly correlated to_____
intelligence
82
Creativity is_________
unusual but appropriate responses
83
What keeps us from improving our judgment and decisions?
Confirmation bias hindsight bias anchoring bias representative bias and availability bias
84
Confirmation bias statement:
when Im right, I'm Right
85
Hindsight bias statement:
I knew it all along
86
Anchoring bias is based on:
first impressions
87
Representative bias and availability bias is:
impulse thinking
88
Define intelligence:
mental capacity to learn from experience, acquirence of knowledge, and use resources efficiently to adapt or solve problems
89
What is especially active during intelligence-test-type questions?
lateral prefrontal cortex
90
What is the left side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible fore?
verbal intelligence
91
What is the right side of the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
spatial knowledge
92
Spearman's g Factor states
intelligence involves 2 different abilities if you are superior in one, you are superior in it overall is a psychometric theory of intelligence
93
gardner's Multiple Intelligences states;
states we have many intelligences (9) and can excel in multiple ones IS A PSYCHOMETRIC THEORY Of INTELLIGENCE
94
What does Sternberg's triachic theory state:
there is 3 kinds of intelligence | is a psychometric theory of intelligence
95
what are the 3 types of intelligence according to Sternberg?
analytical creative practical
96
How is intelligence measured?
it is a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of task (verbal and nonverbal)
97
what is normal distribution on the IQ curve?
bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population
98
What is the normal range on the IQ curve?
scores falling in the middle 2/3's of a normal distribution
99
What is your mental age?
test result from a type of IQ test that tells you what your mental capacity is accordion to mental age
100
what does bnet's psychometric test find out?
it measures mental age
101
What is the equation to find IQ?
``` IQ = MA / CA * 100 MA = Mental age CA = Child's Age ```
102
What does Wechsler's psychometric test do?
his test was the first to have different questions for different age groups gives a score more like an ACT does
103
What are characteristics of psychometric tests:
reliability validity Norms
104
What is morns?
standardization
105
What are some things that effect IQ?
nature vs. nurture influences of the environment influences on mental ability
106
Explain nature vs. nurture
nature is heredity or genes nurture is environment both play a role in how much intelligence you have
107
What were twin and adoption studies done to study?
nature vs. nurture
108
explain influences of the environment
mainly effects of early environment
109
What are some influences on mental ability:
prenatal care nutrition toxins stress
110
Define heritability:
amount of trait variation within a group that can be contributed to genetic differences
111
Define Mental retardation
having significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning
112
How much of the population is effected by mental retardation?
1%-3%
113
Mental retardation has to happen before what age?
22
114
What can cause mental retardation?
``` birth accidents prenatal genetic brain damage toxins ```
115
define intellectual giftedness
having significantly above-average intellectual functioning
116
How much of the population is intellectually gifted?
2%-4%
117
What test was done on intellectual giftedness?
Terman's Longitudial study of adjustment
118
Define language:
communication using symbols
119
What 5 things compose language?
``` grammar Syntax Morphemes Semantics Phonemes ```
120
Define grammar:
system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
121
Define syntax
system of rules for combining words and parses to form grammatically correctsentencs
122
Define morphemes
smallest meaning within a language
123
Define semantics:
rules for determining the meanings of words and sentences
124
Define phonemes:
basic units of sound in a language
125
Define pragmatics:
practical aspects of communicating with others
126
What is an example of a pragmatic?
knowing how to take turns in conversations
127
Define the linguistic relativity hypothesis:
though processes and concepts are controlled by language

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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