Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Define human development:
A
scientific study of changes as people age from conception to death
2
Q
Define nature (in human development):
A
in hearted characteristics (genes)
3
Q
Define nurture (in human development):
A
environment
4
Q
What does behavioral genetics focus on?
A
Nature vs. nurture interaction
5
Q
Define longtitudial research:
A
same participants are studied over a long period of time to note age-related changes
6
Q
What is cross-sectional research?
A
different age groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time to note age-related differences
7
Q
What is cross-sequential research?
A
different age groups of participants are studied over a limited period of time to note both changes and differences
8
Q
what 2 studies were done to study nature-nurture interaction?
A
adoption and twin studies
9
Q
What did adoption studies do?
A
an adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological and the adoptive family
10
Q
What did twin studies do?
A
identical twins are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects
11
Q
What is the prenatal period?
A
development period before birth
12
Q
What is another name for prenatal period?
A
gestation period
13
Q
What is conception?
A
when sperm penetrates ovium
14
Q
Define gamete:
A
sex cells
15
Q
Define zygote:
A
the single cell formed from fertilization
16
Q
Define embryo:
A
when the baby is from 2 weeks to 8 weeks old and is firmly attached to the uterus
17
Q
Define fetus:
A
the form of the baby from 8 weeks to birth.
tremendous growth occurs during this stage
18
Q
define placenta:
A
specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away the developing baby’s waste products
19
Q
Define teratogens:
A
any substance that can cause birth defects
20
Q
What are examples of teratogenes:
A
drugs
chemicals
viruses
21
Q
How long does the embryonic stage last?
A
it last from eek 2 to week 8
22
Q
Why is organogenesis used to describe the embryonic stage?
A
during this time all major organs begin to form
23
Q
define critical period (pertaining to the embryonic period):
A
time during which some environmental influences can have devastating effects on the infant
24
Q
How long does the fetal stage last?
A
from week 8 to birth
25
Organs have began to do what by the fetal stage?
beginning to form
26
What does the fetal stage consist of?
growth and maturation
27
What is the quickening?
when mom can feel the fetus move
28
when does the quickening occur?
at about 16 weeks
29
What is viability?
when fetus has a 50/50 chance of survival on its own
30
When does viability happen?
at about 24 weeks
31
What 3 basic survival tasks are newborns born equipped with?
Finding nourishment
making contacts with people
avoiding harmful situations
32
What is another word for newborn?
neonates
33
What are 4 critical areas of adjustment for newborns?
Respiration
digestion
circulation
temperature regulating
34
Infants are born with what reflexes to help the infant survive?
Sucking
Moro
Grasping
Babinski
35
What is Moro?
startle
36
What is Babinski?
foot reflex involving the fanning of the toes
37
All senses besides ____ are well developed at birth.
vision
38
What develops at a fast pace during infancy and early childhood?
Gross and Fine Motor Skills
39
In what 2 ways does Physical maturation occur?
Cephalocaudal
| Proximodistal
40
what is cephalocaudal?
development mainly in the head
41
What is proximodistal?
development of arms and legs and trunk
42
Infants have the ability to learn though what?
classical and operant conditioning
43
What is innate (inborn) sociability?
ability of babies to connect with people around them
44
What is maturation (during infancy)?
unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time
45
What are the development tasks of childhood?
tasks in the areas of:
thought processes
language
social relationships
46
What is cognitive development?
Thinking
Problem Solving
memory
47
What did jean Piaget theorize?
4 qualitative different cognitive stages
48
What do the 4 stages of cognitive development result from?
Maturation (nature)
| experience (nurture)
49
Define scheme:
mental concept that organizes understanding
50
Schemes become more______ through time.
complex
51
The more complex schemes become the more_______
useful they become
52
What causes schemes to grow?
experience
53
Define assimilation:
when trying to understand new things in terms of old schemes
54
define accommodation:
process of altering old schemes to fit new info
55
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development (according to Piaget)?
Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
56
from birth to age 2 is _______
sensorimotor stage
57
Reflexes develop during which stage?
sensorimotor stage
58
Exploring with senses and ability to move happens during the______
sensorimotor stage
59
Interactions go from_____ to ______ during the sensorimotor stage
involuntary; intentional
60
What 3 other things develop during the sensorimotor stage?
Object permanence
mental reprensetations
imitation
61
What age group does preoperational stage consist of?
2-6 or 7
62
during the pre operational stage mental reprenstations become_____
well developed
63
During which stage can wwe begin using language effectively?
preoperational stage
64
What are some characterics of the preoperational stage?
```
Pretend
remember
egocentrism
animistic thinking
Centration
```
65
What is egocentrism
everybody sees the world like i do
66
what is animistic thinking?
believing everything is alive and is human to some extent
67
What is centration?
can focus only on one dimension
68
What age group makes up concrete operational?
7-11
69
What does concrete operational consist of?
basic logic
mental operations
reversibility
conservation
70
what age group makes up formal operational?
12+
71
Does everyone make it to formal operational?
No
72
What does formal operation consist of?
abstract thought
adult-level reasoning
critical thinking
73
What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?
cognitive development is social in nature
74
What is scaffolding?
person gives the learner more help at the beginning and slowly withdraws themselves from helping
75
Promting and props are part of what?
scaffolding
76
Define zone of proximal development:
difference between what a learner can do alone and what she/he can do with the help of a teacher
77
Why is language a cognitive milestone? (4)
think and remember in words
ask questions to gain info
communicate needs and wants
form concepts
78
What are the universal stages of language development?
```
Cooing
babbling
one-word speech
telegraphic speech
whole sentences
```
79
What is another word for one-word speech?
holophrases
80
what does the behaviorism theory of language acquisition base it self upon?
Skinner-Operant Conditioning
| learn language by eating punished or rewarded for words
81
Nativism psychologist believe in what theory of language acquisition?
Language acquisition device
82
Who came up with the Language acquisition device?
Chomsky
83
Define language acquisition device:
language is preprogrammed into our minds
84
Define constructivism:
receptive and expressive ability
| child directed speech
85
What develops during Psychological development?
personality
relationship
gender identity formation
86
Define temperament:
behavioral and emotional characteristics
87
Temperament is well developed at ______
birth
88
Characteristics of a easy temperament baby:
regular
adaptable
happy
89
What are the characteristics of a difficult tempermant baby:
Irregular
non adaptable
irritable
90
What are the characteristics of a slow to warm up tempermant baby?
need to adjust gradually to change
91
What is attachment in the infant stage?
emotional bond between an infant and primary caregiver
92
What is attachment called among animals?
imprinting
93
What does attacment effect later in life?
relationships
94
What are the 4 attachment styles?
Secure
avoidant
ambivalent
Disorganized-disoriented
95
accordion to Erikson how many stages of life is there?
8
96
What are the stages based on in Eriksons stages of life?
crisis and turning points of each stage
97
According to Erikson every stage of life has to be successfully met for what to occur?
normal psychological development
98
By what age do children know their sex?
2
99
Gender idenity develops________
over time
100
Define sex:
physical characteristics driven by genetics
101
What are the two types of sexes?
male
| female
102
Define gender idenity:
perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender
103
Gender development continues after________
childhood
104
Define adolescence:
life stage from puberty to adulthood
105
Define puberty:
onset of sexual maturity (primary and secondary changes)
106
Is the brain fully developed in adolescence?
no
107
What are some characteristics of adolescence?
adolescence egocentrism
risk-taking
personal fable
imaginary audience
108
Moral development develops during____
adolescence
109
According to Kohlberg what are the 3 basic stages of reasoning between right and wrong?
Preconventinal
conventional
postconventional
110
Who further worked on Kolberg's idea?
Carol Gilligan
111
What confusion happens during adolescence?
identity vs. role
112
What are some areas of idenity formation?
Occupational choices
sexual orientation
values and morals
113
What conflict is during adolescence?
parent/teen
114
Peer pressure increases during_________
adolescence
115
When does adulthood begin?
When you become financial and emotional self-sufficient
116
What are Erikson's adult stages:?
Intimacy vs. isolation
generatively vs. stagnation
integrity vs. despair
117
What is the Young Adult "to-do list" consist of?
find love
| find work
118
Parenting usually begins during________
young adulthood
119
What stages of adulthood does parenting stretch across?
young, middle, and late
120
What is the preferred parenting style?
authoritative parenting
121
Define authoritative parenting:
firm limits
loving
respectful
122
What does middle adulthood changes consist of?
changes in sexual hormones and reproductive organs
123
Middle-age Woman go through______
menopause
124
Middle age men______go through_______
may; andropause
125
What happens to middle aged adults intelligence and memory?
stays stable
126
Health problems during middle-age__________
increase
127
What happens to reaction time as adults age?
gets slower
128
Your mind:
use it or loose it
129
Wat are ways to keep your mind healthy?
```
read
have friends
keep learning
manage stress
stay physically healthy
```
130
Define cellular clock theory
cells are limited in the amount of times they can reproduce to repair damage
131
Define wear and tear theory:
physical damage eventually kills us
132
define free radical heory:
oxygen molecules destroy the cell from the inside. more develop over time and eventually kills us
133
What does the activity theory state?
older people are happier if they remain active
134
What are the 5 stages of Kubler-Ross Stages of Death and Dying?
```
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
```
