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Nutrition 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

vitamins

A

essential non-caloric organic nutrients

needed in very small amounts and helps in cell function

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2
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A 
A, D, E, K 
dissolve in liquid 
require bile for absorption
transported in lymph
stored in tissues ex)liver
may be toxic in excess, caution with supplements
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3
Q

Vit A chemical forms:

A

retinal, retinoic acid.. B-catotene (can be converted into vit A but need 6x the amount

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4
Q

Vit A functions

A
  1. gene expression
  2. vision
  3. epithelial tissue
  4. immune defenses
  5. growth of bone
  6. reproduction
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5
Q

Vit A food sources

A

beef, liver, oil, milk, dark orange and green veggies

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6
Q

Beta Coratene

A 
vit A precursor 
plant sources: brightly coloured
may reduce risk of chronic diseases 
eye diseases 
cancer
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7
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

prevalent in developing countries
symptoms: blindness, night blindness, xerosis
impaired bone growth, easily decayed teeth
immune function
keratin lumps on skin

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8
Q

Vit A toxicity

A

stunted growth, muscle/bone soreness, headaches, edema, fatigue, blurred vision, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, skin disorders, liver damage, enlargement of spleen

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9
Q

beta corotene toxicity

A

yellowing of skin

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10
Q

other forms of vit A

A

retinoic acid as a drug, directly applied to the skin results in rapid turnover in skin cells
retin-A: acne, renova: anti wrinkle
higly toxic: serious birth defects if taken during pregnancy
supplementing vit A doesn’t help acne

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11
Q

Vit D chemical name

A

cholecalciferol

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12
Q

Vit D functions

A

regulation of blood calcium and phosphorous levels, important for bone formation and maintenance
working systems of the brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, and reproductive organs
immune system
functions as a hormone

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13
Q

Vit D food sources

A

fortified milk, and margarine, eggs, butter, fish

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14
Q

sunlight and vit D

A

UV radiation converts precursor molecule (cholesterol backbone) in skin

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15
Q

duration of sunlight specific to race

A

facial area for 15min 3-6x/week / 3hr for dark-skinned

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16
Q

manitoba latitude

A

april to october; use liver stores in winter

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17
Q

vit D deficiency

A

riskets and osteomalacia (bone disease in children and adults
may increase risk of blood pressure, some cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease
risk of deficiency increases with age
lower intake, housebound= lower ability to activate vit D

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18
Q

Vit D toxicity

A

vitamin with most risk of toxicity
symptoms: appetite loss, nausea, increased thirst and urination
long term toxicity: calcium deposits in the heart, blood vessels, lungs and kidneys

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19
Q

Vit E chemical name

A 
tocopherol 
alpha (gold standard) beta, delta, gamma
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20
Q

Vit E function

A

acts as antioxidant in cells membranes

integrity of cells (lung, RBC, WBC) exposed to high oxygen concentrations

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21
Q

Vit E food sources

A

widespread in foods

veggie oils, fruit and veg, fortified cereals and grain, meats & alts, milk products

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22
Q

Vit E deficiency

A 
deficiency is rare (wdespread in food and body stores + cells recycle Vit E) 
Erthrocyte hemolysis (premature infants)
weakness, impaired reflexes (muscle and nerve function) -oxidative damage caused by fat absorption and storage problems
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23
Q

Vit E toxicity

A

toxicity is rare
nausea, fatigue, GI distress, blurred vision
increased risk bleeding when combined with anticoagulant meds

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24
Q

Vit K functions

A

blood clotting and bone protein synthesis

anticoagulant mads interfere with vit K and blood clotting

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25
vitamin K sources
bacterial production in colon affected by absorption problems/illness antibiotics decrease production green leafy veggies, cabbage family, liver, eggs, milk, beans/legumes
26
Vit K deficiency
deficiency rare: newborns (need supplement at birth- sterile GI tract) taking meds that kill intestinal bacteria (good and bad) problems with fat absorption symptoms: easy bruising, hemorrhaging
27
Vit K toxicity
rare (infants, pregnant): taking vit k supplement symptoms: jaundice- RBC ='s break and release pigment (biliruben)
28
water soluble vitamins
``` vitamin C, B vitamins dissolve in water are easily absorbed and excreted are not stored extensively in tissues seldom reach toxic levels ```
29
Vit C (ascorbic acid) functions
``` maintenance of collagen/connective tissue (bones, teeth, skin, tendons) antioxidant protection supports immune function promotes iron absorption restores vit E to active form ```
30
Vit C food sources
fruits and veggies
31
Vit C deficiency
scurvy symptoms: loss of appetite, growth cessation, weakness, frequent infections, bleeding gums, loose teeth, tiny red spots om skin, swelling in wrists and ankles
32
Vit C toxicity
low risk problems if more than 2g/day can interfere with anticoagulation meds hemochromatosis-should avoid Vit C supplements
33
the B vitamins
``` acts as coenzymes involved in energy metabolism thiamin riboflavin niacin biotin pathothenic acid vit B6 folate vit B12 ```
34
thiamin functions
energy metabolism | nerve processes and muscles
35
thiamin food sources
widespread- pork, legumes, whole-grains | diet focused on nutrient dense foods
36
thiamin deficiency
beriberi; wet (edema) or dry ( no edema) | symptoms: loss of sensation in hands and feet, depression, muscle confusion, disorietation
37
thiamin symptoms
none reported
38
riboflavin functions
energy metabolism in all cells | supports vision and skin health
39
riboflavin food sources
widespread- enriched grain products, milk products, vegetables, meats and eggs
40
riboflavin deficiency
ariboflavinosis effects skin, eyes, mouth, tongue cracks in sides of mouth, smooth magenta coloured tongue, sore throat, skin rash, may exsist with other B vitamin
41
riboflavin toxicity
none reported
42
niacin functions
energy metabolism in all cells | tryptophan can be converted into niacin in the body
43
niacin food sources
enriched and whole grains, cereals and baked products, legumes, leafy greens, mushrooms meat, fish , eggs, milk products
44
niacin deficiency
pellagra 4 D's: dematitis, diarrhea, dementia, death seen in europe 1700s when corn became staple
45
niacin toxicity
flushing of skin, red skin rash, tingling sensation in hands/feet, stomach pain, nausea body adapts to high doses, but monitor for liver damage
46
niacin as a drug
niacin may be used as part of treatment to lower blood cholesterol levels self dosing not advised- liver damage, peptic ulcers, vision loss as result of large doses
47
folate (folic acid) functions
new cell synthesis growth, early embryonic and tissue turnover should have when pregnant
48
folate food sources
leafy green veggies, asparagus, fruit, legumes, seeds, liver cooking fruits and veggies destroys folate milk may enhance absorption folate fortification of flour
49
folate deficiency
``` affects rapidly dividing cells macrocytic anemia (assoc with vit B12) nerve function and neural tube defects 1/1000 births, 2nd most common birth defect ```
50
deficiency symptoms folate
smooth red tongue, depression, mental confusion, fatigue, headaches
51
at risk for folate deficiency
pregnant women elderly (many meds interact with folate) alcoholics (folate absorption) smokers (folate inactivation in lungs)
52
low folate status may contribute to
hyperhomocyteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease increased risk cancer (colon, cervical in women)
53
Vit B12 functions
myelin sheath in nerve fibers (nerve transmission) | coenzyme in energy & amino acid metabolism
54
food sources of vit B12
animal origin, fermented products, fungi algae, fortified soymilk
55
folate and vit B12
folate and B12 depend on one another for activation | both cause identical anemia with deficiency
56
vit B12 deficiency
``` pernicous anemia (macrocytic) neuromuscular dysfunction folate supplementation masks B12 deficiency improves anemia but progressive malfunctioning of nerves and muscles ```
57
Vit B12
need intrinsic factor for b12 absorption B12 binds intrinsic factor in stomach & facilitates absorption if not intrinsic factor, injections of B12 or supplement
58
risk of deficiency vit B12
breastfeed infants of vegan mothers (adults have body stores for 6 years)
59
vit B6 functions
amino acid & protein metabolism fatty acid metabolism synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters synthesis of niacin from tryptophan immune function and steroid hormone activity critical for fetal dev- brain and nervous system
60
Vit B6 food sources
leafy green veggies, meat, fish, poultry, legumes, fruits, and whole grains
61
vit B6 symptoms
weakness, irritability, convulsions, mirocytic anemia, greasy dermatitis
62
vit B6 toxicity from supplements
numbness due to nerve damage, reversed when quit supplements supplement use: some take for carpal tunnel syndrome/sleep disorders
63
biotin function
cofactor in: energy metabolism
64
biotin deficiency
feeding raw egg white protein to rats resulted in hair loss, dermatitis and neuromuscular dysfunction avidin binds biotin rare in humans
65
pathothenic acid functions
energy metabolism
66
B vits and heart disease
homocystenine inherited high levels correlate with severe early of cardiovascular disease elevated homocysteine may be an indicator of CVD risk
67
B vits and heart disease part two
deficiencies of folate, vit B12 or B6 cause excess homocysteine to build up in the blood supplements of these vits lead to a significant drop in homocysteine level
68
who benefits from supplements
those who fail to obtain recommended amounts of vits and minerals from the diet those with special needs- pregnant or elderly
69
regulation of supplements
``` natural health products vitamins and minerals herbal remedies homepathic meds Chinese traditional symptoms ```
70
approved products must have
natural product number | or drug identification number- homepthic meds

Nutrition 2 (7 decks)

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