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Nutrition 2 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

carbohydrates made of

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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2
Q

energy cycle

A

through photosynthesis, plants combine carbon dioxide, water and the suns energy to form glucose

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3
Q

when humans metabolize glucose..

A

energy and carbon dioxide are released

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4
Q

types of CHO

A
  • simple CHO (sugars)

- complex CHO or polysaccharides (fibre and starch)

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5
Q

monosaccarides

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
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6
Q

disaccharides

A
  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
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7
Q

glucose and fructose =

A

sucrose

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8
Q

glucose and glucose =

A

maltose

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9
Q

glucose and galactose =

A

lactose

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10
Q

plant forms of polysaccharides

A

starch and fibre

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11
Q

human digestive enzymes can break the bonds between..

A

glucose units in starch but not in fibre ex) cellulose

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12
Q

animal form polysaccaride

A

glycogen (more branched)

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13
Q

glycogen can be found

A

in the liver and muscle- broken down at slaughtering

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14
Q

energy from carbs

A

45-65%

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15
Q

energy from added sugars

A

less than 25%

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16
Q

water soluble fibres

A

gums, pectins, psyllium (oats, barley, seeds, fruits)

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17
Q

water soluble fibre benefits

A
  • lower blood pressure
  • slow glucose absorption
  • lower risk of heart disease
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18
Q

water insoluble fibre

A

cellulose, lignin, some hemicellulose (brown rice, whole grains, seeds)

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19
Q

water insoluble fibre benefits

A
  • increase fecal weight
  • increase colonic transit
  • provide feeling of fullness
  • weight management
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20
Q

mouth carbs to glucose

A

minor digestion by salivary amylase

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21
Q

small intestine carbs to glucose

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A

digestion by pancreatic amylase and enzymes on intestinal wall

22
Q

fibre travels how to the colon

23
Q

liver converts galactose and fructose into what

24
Q

all digestible CHO becomes what in the body and used for what

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A

glucose and used for energy

25
what does blood glucose do after eating CHO
rises
26
blood glucose under homeostasis is
tightly regulated
27
normal fasting blood glucose level
4-6 mmol/l
28
hypoglycemia
low blood glucose
29
hyperglycemia
high blood glucose
30
what happens when the blood glucose is high
pancreas releases insulin
31
2/3 glucose is
taken up by muscle and stored as glycogen
32
1/3 glucose is
taken up by liver and stored as glycogen and or converted to fat
33
glucose is transported into most cells via
insulin except brain, nerves, red blood cells, mammary glands
34
gluconeogenesis
glucose is produced from protein
35
when blood glucose is low the pancreas releases
glucagon
36
ketosis
- min 130g CHO/day to prevent - usually consume 200-400g CHO/day - liver glycogen lasts 4-6 hr - liver depletion causes this
37
type 1 diabetes % in early or mid life
less than 10% of cases
38
untreated type 1 diabetes
glucose wasting (urine) and weightloss
39
treatment type 1 diabetes
insulin injected to match food intake and physical activity
40
type 2 diabetes adult now come children
greater than 90% of cases
41
type 2 diabetes
pancreas produces lots of insulin but cells respond poorly, chronic hyperlycemia increases risk of cardiovascular disease, ect
42
risk factors of type 2 diabetes
- family history - sedentary lifestyle - overweight - genes
43
warning signs of diabetes
- -excessive urination and thirst - cravings for foods - drowsiness - vision blurred
44
management of type 2 diabetes
1. diet and physical activity NB 10% weight loss beneficial 2. oral agents 3. sometimes insulin injections
45
glycemic effect of food factors
type of food | cooking method
46
lactose intolerance
insufficient lactase enzyme activity to digest lactose, glucose+galactose
47
signs of lactose intolerance
develops in adults from non-northern European background | nausea, pain, diarrhea, and gas
48
management of lactose intolerance
- consume milk in small amouts | - add enzyme drops to milk based foods
49
milk allergy
- immune response to protein in milk | - need non dairy sources of calcium
50
200 calories from sugar =
13 teaspoons
51
aspartame is how many times sweeter than sucrose
200
52
ADI for aspartame
40mg/kg body weight

Nutrition 2 (7 decks)

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