Chapter 7 Flashcards
(16 cards)
Why are children now economic liabilities?
- children used to be economic assets because parents could get free labour from them, but this can’t happen anymore due to…
- Child protection legislation -> stopped exploitation of children
- Mass education + legislation that made school mandatory for children -> took kids out of labour force and put them into school
What is the North American/European goal of parenting?
- successful rearing of children into adulthood
- “successful” means adult child is economically independent from parents (to reach independence, kids must have social skills and academic achievement)
2 major schools of thought
- Empiricism: all learning depends on experience; tied to John Locke’s blank slate theory. Cases of socially isolated children (ie. Genie, Isabelle and Anna) support blank slate theory because no development happens
- Rationalism: all humans carry pre-existing forms of knowledge (Socrates)
3 models of parent-child effects
- Parent-to-child unidirectional model: all effects on the child flow unidirectionally from parent to child (parents have to write upon their children’s blank slate)
- Child-to-parent unidirectional model: child’s temperament (“humours”/personality traits) affects the parents
- Bidirectional parent-child model: children could affect parents; parents could affect child -> Exchange theory: parent could reward child for good behaviour by smiling; child could reward parent for good parenting by smiling
levels of analysis
- Individual: parent or child
- Dyad: parent and child
- Group: family
2 areas for child outcomes
- Child compliance: child’s response to directions from responsible adults (techniques include coercion, ridicule, love withdrawal, threats, punishments, reasoning, etc.)
- Child achievement (made up of both social and academic achievement)
4 parenting styles
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
Belsky’s Process model
- bidirectional model
- effect of parenting is joined with characteristics of the child
- parenting is product of parents’ marriage and work, and interacts with child temperament and development
- child’s development integrates with personality and temperament
2 types of aggression
- Pro-social aggression: enforces the norms of society (ie. Standing up to bullies, reporting a crime)
- Anti-social aggression: antiethical and fails to support norms of society (ie. Butting in line, hitting)
Negative and positive effects of spanking
- Negative: negative influence on child’s intellectual development, behaviour, IQ, etc. (with the exception of Asian countries)
- Positive: immediate compliance, spanking may not be any worse than other discipline methods (ie. Love withdrawal, isolation, etc.
5 things that transmit social class intergenerationally
- Status
- Education
- Endowments
- Habitus
- Physical punishment
2 types of status
- ascribed status: status you’re born into (ie. caste system)
- achieved status: status achieved through hard work
education and social class
- education is responsible for much of inequality and mobility
- wealthy families can afford higher-quality education, which creates inequality amongst wealthy and poor children
endowments
- Physical endowments: genetics, IQ
- Human capital: knowledge, skills
- Cultural capital: cultural practices appropriate to a class
habitus
early habits an individual acquires that are part of an express the values of the social class structure (ie. Saying please and thank you, using a Kleenex to wipe your nose rather than your sleeve)
physical punishment and social class
Physical punishment is tied to transmission of social class because it doesn’t reinforce creativity or intellectual flexibility
