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Sociology 200 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

why do we marry?

A
  • can be understood from rational choice perspective
  • exogenous payoff
  • commitment device
  • signalling device
  • others include: religion, emotional security, companionship, to start a family, economic security, family pressure, rebound, etc.
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2
Q

exogenous payoff

A

marriage serves as a rite of passage into adulthood and social approval of the couple

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3
Q

commitment device

A

marriage promotes relationship-specific investments (ex. purchasing a home or having children)

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4
Q

signalling device

A

public statement of your love for your partner

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5
Q

conjugal

A

refers to the dyad (2-person couple)

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6
Q

marriage rates

A
  • rate of married couples is decreasing while rate of cohabiting couples is increasing
  • of 60% of Canadians in conjugal unions, 80% of them are married (vs. common-law)
  • marriage rate can be measured in 2 ways: crude marriage rate, general marriage rate
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7
Q

crude marriage rate

A

number of marriages for every 1000 people in a given year

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8
Q

general marriage rate

A

number of people in a population eligible for marriage, restricting the denominator to unmarried women 15 and older

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9
Q

total first marriage rate

A

percentage of people who can expect to marry before age 50

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10
Q

age at marriage

A
  • age at marriage is increasing (31 and 29 for men and women respectively vs. 25 and 23 in the 1970’s)
  • same-sex couples tend to marry at older ages (ie. in early forties)
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11
Q

age homogamy

A

we tend to marry someone who is close to us in age

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12
Q

marriage squeeze

A
  • mid-life and older women are commonly squeezed out of opportunities to marry
  • men marry younger women, therefore number of eligibles in women’s age group decreases; women also live longer
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13
Q

defining marriage

A
  • traditionally, marriage was defined as “the voluntary union for life of one man to one woman to the exclusion of all others” -> implies lifelong, heterosexual, monogamous commitment
  • in 2005, Civil Marriage Act legalized same-sex marriage across Canada
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14
Q

LAT Marriages

A
  • “living apart together” marriages
  • married individuals live in separate homes, usually due to career advancement of one or both spouses that forces them to live apart
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15
Q

tasks in the transition to marriage

A
  • marital identity
  • marital boundaries
  • household management
  • emotional climate
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16
Q

marital identity

A

what kind of couple you’re going to be - how you’re going to present yourself

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17
Q

marital boundaries

A

how much time should you spend apart? Together? How much time with friends and family? etc.

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18
Q

household management

A

managing finances and division of household labour

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19
Q

emotional climate

A

conflict resolution, sexual scripts, emotional support

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20
Q

marriage and health

A
  • marriage is good for health
  • linked to decreased mortality, increased cardiovascular health, increased immune system functioning, increased psychological health
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21
Q

selection hypothesis (relates to marriage and health)

A

it’s not marriage that makes you healthy - healthier people tend to marry each other, and the unhealthy people have a harder time finding and keeping a mate

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22
Q

assortative mating principle

A
  • people pair with individuals much like themselves and search for the best possible match they can get in exchange for the resources they have to offer
  • healthy people have better attributes, so they marry each other and squeeze unhealthy people out of marriage
  • thus, marriage doesn’t cause better health (but this hypothesis has limited support)
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23
Q

protection hypothesis

A
  • marriage provides social and economic supports linked to improved health
  • improves physical health by improving emotional health
  • reduces risk-taking behaviour
  • helps in early detection of illness
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24
Q

social support hypothesis

A
  • marriage provides opportunities for social engagement and companionship and that having increased social network improves health
  • relationships change our moods and influence our health habits
  • provide financial security
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25
Q

gender differences in protection hypothesis

A
  • marriage better for men’s health than women’s
  • women already have large networks for emotional support before marriage, whereas men don’t -> marriage increases this network substantially for men
  • men decrease risk-taking behaviours when married, whereas women actually drink more when married
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26
Q

stress buffering hypothesis

A
  • social support decreases consequences of stress

- protection hypothesis works only if the marriage is good

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27
Q

social strain hypothesis

A
  • poor marriage quality can impede the wellbeing of the couple
  • negative quality has a greater impact on health than positive quality does, especially for women
28
Q

“U”-curve

A
  • happiest with spouse on wedding day
  • happiness decreases steadily until midlife (or when kids are teens), then starts to increase steadily (although never to the same level as the wedding day)
  • even childless couples experience the u-curve
29
Q

male vs. female marital satisfaction

A
  • women happier early in life (their goals are to buy a house and have kids, which happen early in life)
  • men happier later in life (their goals happen later in life once finances are in line, mortgages are paid off and childrearing is over)
30
Q

4 types of marriage (Lewis and Spanier)

A
  • happy and stable
  • unhappy and stable
  • unhappy and unstable
  • happy and unstable
31
Q

attraction-barrier model (Levinger)

A
  • additive model
  • attractions + barriers - (alternatives + alternative barriers) = marital cohesiveness
  • under conditions of high marital quality, alternative attractions and alternative barriers have little effect (you know you have them, but you’re not thinking about them)
32
Q

attractions

A
  • net attractions in marriage (rewarding aspects minus negative aspects)
  • ex. love for the partner
33
Q

barriers

A
  • restraining forces (both internal and external) that make a person feel they must stay in the relationship
  • ex. religious beliefs or children
34
Q

alternative attractions

A
  • net attractions towards their most salient alternative to the relationship
  • ex. sum of all their feelings towards another partner or single life
35
Q

alternative barriers

A
  • strength of the barriers around leaving the alternative

- ex. your mistress gets pregnant

36
Q

Lewis and Spanier’s Interactionist model

A
  • push and pull factors

- external factors push you into relationship; alternative attractions pull you out of relationship

37
Q

emergent distress

A
  • when people get married, they feel positive about their marriage
  • overtime, negative factors chip away at positive aspects of marriage
  • takes a while for couple to break up
38
Q

disillusionment model

A
  • also assumes that all marriages begin with high levels of positive factors
  • however, some people idealize their partners and ignore their negative traits
  • couple breaks up quickly once this perfect bubble bursts
39
Q

enduring dynamics

A
  • people begin marriage with a realistic view of their partners
  • pattern of interaction during dating continues into married life -> if it was rocky or dramatic, it’ll stay that way and eventually lead to breakup
40
Q

4 types of marriage (Caughlin and Huston)

A
  • 2 dimensions: affection and antagonist
  • warm
  • hostile
  • tempestuous
  • bland
41
Q

warm

A

high affection, low antagonism

42
Q

hostile

A

low affection, high antagonism

43
Q

tempestuous

A

high affection, high antagonism

44
Q

bland

A

low affection, low antagonism

45
Q

3 types of commitment

A
  • additive model
    1. personal commitment
    2. moral commitment
    3. structural commitment
46
Q

covenant marriage

A
  • make it more difficult to end a marriage
  • religious idea
  • requires long waiting periods and/or marital counselling before divorce is granted
47
Q

pre-nuptial agreement

A
  • specifies how marital assets would be divided if marriage were to end
  • making one can improve communication between partners, so they aren’t always as negative as some people believe them to be
48
Q

why do parents’ marital satisfaction decline more dramatically than non-parents’?

A
  • conflict over roles and decrease of freedom that comes with having kids
  • the more kids people have, the less satisfied they report being with their marriage
49
Q

factors associated with marital satisfaction

A
  • increased economic resources
  • egalitarian attitudes
  • supporting idea of lifelong marriage
50
Q

factors associated with marital dissatisfaction

A
  • pre-marital cohabitation
  • job demands
  • extended work hours of wife
51
Q

marital stability

A
  • marital satisfaction doesn’t always lead to marital stability (and vice versa)
  • ex. wives who work full-time report increase in marital stability, but decrease in marital satisfaction
52
Q

4 types of marriage (Lewis and Spanier)

A
  • happy and stable - risk of divorce is low
  • unhappy and unstable - risk of divorce is high
  • unhappy and stable - low marital quality, but high stability
  • happy and unstable - high marital quality, yet choose to break up
53
Q

why do happy and unstable couples break up?

A
  • attraction-barrier model
  • a person might have high levels of marital attraction, but have low barriers (ie. no kids) and strong alternatives (ie. a job offer in another country)
54
Q

5:1 ratio (marital interaction)

A

5:1 ratio of positive to negative interactions is necessary in order to maintain satisfaction (depending on how serious the offense is)

55
Q

4 types of marital conflict

A
  1. criticism
  2. illegitimate demands
  3. cumulative annoyances
  4. rebuffs
56
Q

criticism

A

making verbal or non-verbal demeaning acts (ie. calling your partner a name

57
Q

illegitimate demands

A

asking your partner to do unjust things for you (ie. lie to a family member)

58
Q

cumulative annoyances

A

repetitive behaviours your partner does that become extremely frustrating (ie. leaving socks on the floor)

59
Q

rebuffs

A

failing to act on a demand (ie. your partner asks for a glass of water and you ignore them)

60
Q

unhappy couples attribute their partner’s negative behaviour to 3 causes

A
  1. internal (“your personality makes you neglect me”)
  2. stable (“you’re always inconsiderate”)
  3. global (“you’re inconsiderate to everyone”)
61
Q

unhappy couples attribute their partner’s positive behaviour to 3 causes

A
  1. external (“your mom told me to get me this gift”)
  2. unstable (“you only get me gifts when you want something”)
  3. specific (“you only neglect me”)
62
Q

6 common mistakes during conflict

A
  1. focusing on the negative
  2. cross-complaining (answering your partner’s complaint with a complaint of your own)
  3. counter-proposals (ignoring your partner’s suggestions and coming up with your own just so you won’t have to do what they suggest)
  4. mindreading (expecting your partner to know what you want and/or assuming you know why they did something)
  5. self-summarizing (ignoring what your partner says and repeating your points until your partner gives up)
  6. kitchen-sinking (bringing issues from past arguments into the current one instead of focusing on the current issue)
63
Q

5 ways in which a conflict can end

A
  1. separation: withdrawal of one or both partners without resolution
  2. domination: one partner pursues his/her goal until the other gives up
  3. compromise: both partners reduce expectations and find a mutually acceptable alternative
  4. integrative agreement: both people have their goals satisfied (difficult to achieve)
  5. structural improvement: a positive change is made in the relationship (ie. trust is developed)
64
Q

3 types of commitment to a relationship

A
  • personal commitment
  • moral commitment
  • structural commitment
65
Q

personal commitment

A
  • being dedicated to continue with relationship - you WANT to stay
  • contains 3 parts: attraction to partner, attraction to relationship, definition of self in terms of relationship
66
Q

moral commitment

A
  • feelings of obligation to maintain the relationship - you feel like you SHOULD stay
  • can come from a sense of social duty (“I can’t leave him now that he’s an old man”) or personal commitment (“I can’t leave her after all she’s done for me”)
67
Q

structural commitment

A
  • social factors that increase your need to continue the relationship - you HAVE TO stay
  • 4 parts: irretrievable investments (ie. kids), termination procedures (ie. how costly a divorce is), social pressure (ie. stigma about divorce), and attractiveness of available alternatives (ie. if you have no other options other than being alone)

Sociology 200 (12 decks)

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