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Sociology 200 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

transitions

A
  • focus shifts from contraception to getting pregnant
  • birth of child = major life transition
  • parent role is dictated by age of child and experiences child brings to parent
  • 75% of couples have declines in feelings of love after birth of first child (“U”-curve) -> hormones play a role
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2
Q

transition point

A

day/time of birth

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3
Q

process of transitioning to parenthood involves

A
  • deciding to have a baby
  • conception
  • gestation
  • birth
  • process of adaptation to having a child at home
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4
Q

timing norms

A
  • age and duration-graded

- ex. breastfeeding

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5
Q

macro-structural causes for wanting children

A

environment, social norms, economic constraints (we expect fertility to decline in tough economic times)

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6
Q

micro-individual causes for wanting children

A
  • conformity (having children is what adults do)
  • experience (don’t want to miss out on experience of having kids)
  • social capital (having kids adds to network of relationships you have access to)
  • security in old age
  • entertainment
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7
Q

desired/intended fertility

A
  • how many kids an individual would like to have (2.4 in Canada)
  • tends to be higher than actual fertility
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8
Q

actual fertility

A
  • how many kids an individual has in reality (
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9
Q

voluntary childlessness vs. involuntary childlessness

A
  • voluntary: don’t want kids

- involuntary: can’t have kids (due to fertility issues, etc.)

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10
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A
  • number of live births to women in a year

- problem: includes pre-pubescent women and post-menopausal women

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11
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A
  • estimate of fertility per woman

- assumes: she will maintain cohort rate of fertility for the past year and she will live to end of her fertility

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12
Q

age-specific fertility

A
  • number of children born to women within a specific age range in a year
  • ex. 20-24; 25-29
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13
Q

population decline

A

the point at which more people die than are born

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14
Q

replacement-level fertility

A

fertility needed to replace each parent with a child who reached reproductive age (Canada: 2.1)

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15
Q

fertility timing

A
  • timing of life events (education, occupation) has important implications for timing and ability to have kids
  • if couples put off having kids, they may be left with small window of fertility
  • nowadays, fertility rate is increasing for 30-39 year olds and decreasing for other age levels
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16
Q

leptokurtic distributions vs. platykurtic distributions

A
  • strong norms about timing of children leads to peaked distributions (leptokurtic)
  • weaker timing norms lead to a more spread out distribution (platykurtic)
17
Q

income and age at first birth

A
  • in 1971, couples achieved median family income between 25-30 y/o and then had kids
  • in 1996, couples didn’t achieve median family income until 30+ y/o, then had kids
  • therefore, people are having kids later now because it takes longer for them to be financially ready for kids
18
Q

fertility and miscarriage

A
  • infertility and miscarriage are associated with mother’s age
  • woman in her late 30’s has almost triple the risk of miscarriage as a 20 year-old
19
Q

fertility in Canada

A
  • increasing somewhat
  • avg. first-time mother = 29
  • children are increasingly being born to cohabitors or single, never-married women
  • births to single never married highest in Quebec and Nunavut, lower in Ontario and BC
20
Q

zero population growth

A
  • current rates of fertility in Canada cannot expect to maintain their population relative to death past the year 2030
  • after we reach 0 population growth, all population growth must be tied to immigration
  • Canada needs to introduce pro-natalist policies (ie. universal daycare, tax breaks, etc.) to prevent this from happening
21
Q

immigration

A
  • population (Jan. 2010) = Population (Jan. 2009) = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
  • newer immigrants tend to follow social norms from their old country -> have higher rates of fertility (and vice versa)
22
Q

transition to parenthood

A
  • parent roles defined by both formal (ie. laws governing parent abandonment, neglect, and abuse) and informal norms (ie. expectation that parents will nurture their children)
  • parent roles are more gendered (women increase caregiver status while men increase provider status)
  • transition to parenthood may also be accompanied by declines in areas of marriage
  • have to re-negociate marital tasks
23
Q

deciding/planning

A
  • initiating sex with goal of pregnancy

- more prepared throughout other phases of transition to parenthood

24
Q

sliding

A
  • stop using birth control and let whatever happen

- less prepared throughout other phases of transition to parenthood

25
Q

primiparous

A

first-time mother

26
Q

infertility

A
  • males: low live sperm count

- females: ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockages, or pelvic inflammatory disease

27
Q

1st trimester

A
  • time of anxiety -> most probable time for miscarriages

- morning sickness

28
Q

2nd trimester

A
  • most enjoyable

- weight and balance not yet a problem and many adjustments to being pregnant have already been made

29
Q

3rd trimester

A
  • preparations such as booking a hospital room, preparing the child’s room, and attending prenatal classes
30
Q

likes and dislikes about being first-time parents

A
  • like: baby smiling, just having the baby

- dislike: lack of sleep, not knowing what to do

31
Q

4 factors that make transition to parenthood hard for moms

A
  1. lack of support for lifestyle other than motherhood
  2. shift in emphasis from martial role to mother role
  3. abruptness of transition
  4. lack of guidelines and support for parenthood
32
Q

how wives report relationship decline vs. how husbands report it

A
  • wives report decrease love, increased conflict, less effort on relationship maintenance, and more ambivalence about the marriage
  • husbands report same things, other than increased conflict
33
Q

shifting roles

A
  • before baby, marital roles are egalitarian

- parental roles are gendered (ie. mom taking parental leave)

34
Q

how to decide who will take parental leave

A
  • who is earning highest salary
  • who needs rest from labour of birth
  • breastfeeding
35
Q

demographic transition of fertility

A
  • decline in total fertility rate
  • as we move from agrarian period (which favoured large families) into an urban-industrial period (favouring small families), kids become an economic liability, so number of children will decrease
36
Q

birth curves

A
  • have recently become more platykurtic -> suggests overall weakening of social norms favouring having children
37
Q

role of hospitals

A
  • hospitals help socialize new parents about early childcare (ie. breastfeeding, holding and bathing baby, etc.)
  • unlike previous generations, first-time parents haven’t had as much experience with infants because they haven’t had to care for infant siblings during their childhood (anticipatory socialization)
38
Q

Cowan and Cowan’s intervention strategy

A

assisting couples during pregnancy to talk realistically about their expectations for post-partum division of labour as well as social values and expectations of friends and family

39
Q

Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative

A

program recognizing hospitals and maternity facilities that provide optimal levels of care for moms and infants and encourages and helps women initiate and continue to breastfeed

Sociology 200 (12 decks)

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