Chapter 7

Question 1

Bacteria can transfer…

Answer 1

genetic information

Question 2

What did Griffith determine?

Answer 2

that an unknown substance transmits as disease-causing trait between 2 types of bacteria

Question 3

With the help of protein- and DNA-destroying enzymes, scientists subsequently showed…

Answer 3

that Griffith’s “transforming principle” was DNA

Question 4

What did Hershey and Chase confirm?

Answer 4

the genetic role of DNA

Question 5

By using viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages), Hershey and Chase confirmed that…

Answer 5

the genetic material is DNA and not protein

Question 6

What is DNA’s shape and what does it contain?

Answer 6

double helix of nucleotides

Question 7

What did Wilkins and Franklin provide

Answer 7

X-ray diffraction data

Question 8

Watson and Crick combined these clues to…

Answer 8

propose the double helix of DNA

Question 9

What did Chargaff discover?

Answer 9

that Adenine and Thymine, and Guanine and Cytosine occur equal in proportions in DNA

Question 10

DNA is a ladder with what complementary bases?

Answer 10

Adenine with Thymine & Guanine and Cytosine

Amazing Timing & Good Cheese

Question 11

What is crucial to a cell’s protein?

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

What are the two processes of protein synthesis?

Answer 12

Transcription & Translation

Question 13

An organism’s genome includes what?

Answer 13

All of its genetic material

Question 14

Most of the genome is divided among multiple chromosomes, which are…

Answer 14

discrete packages of DNA and associated proteins

Question 15

What is a gene?

Answer 15

A stretch of DNA that is transcribed to RNA

Question 16

What happens when a protein is produced?

Answer 16

a cell transcribes the gene’s information to mRNA which is translated into a sequence of amino acids

Question 17

The two chains of DNA double helix are antiparallel with…

Answer 17

the end of one strand is 3’ and the end of the other is 5’

Question 18

What does transcription use to create RNA?

Answer 18

DNA Template

Question 19

Transcription uses what enzyme?

Answer 19

RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 20

What does RNA polymerase enzyme bind to?

Answer 20

Promoter on DNA

Question 21

What is the second step of transcription?

Answer 21

RNA polymerase builds on RNA molecule

Question 22

How does Transcription end?

Answer 22

When RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence in DNA.

Question 23

What happens after transcription?

Answer 23

The cells add a cap and poly A tail.

Question 24

Introns are __ out of RNA.

Answer 24

cut

Question 25

Exons are...

Answer 25

spliced together

Question 26

What does translation require?

Answer 26

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

Question 27

What does mRNA carry?

Answer 27

a protein-encoding gene's information

Question 28

What does rRNA help with?

Answer 28

proteins to form ribosomes, WHICH SUPPORT AND HELP CATALYZE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Question 29

What do cells regulate?

Answer 29

gene expression.

Question 30

What are operons?

Answer 30

Groups of bacterial genes that share 1 promoter.

Question 31

What does protein synthesis require?

Answer 31

A lot of energy input

Question 32

Example of operon?

Answer 32

E. coli lac

Question 33

What links mRNA to protein?

Answer 33

the genetic code

Question 34

What is the correspondence between codons and amino acids?

Answer 34

the genetic code

Question 35

What does mRNA join in the first step of translation?

Answer 35

a small ribosomal unit and a tRNA carrying an amino acid

Question 36

When does a large ribosomal unit the join a smaller ribosomal unit?

Answer 36

Translation (after first step)

Question 37

What happens during elogation?

Answer 37

Additional tRNA molecules carrying amino acids bring 2 subsequent mRNA.

Question 38

What happens in termination?

Answer 38

the ribosome reaches a stop codon and is released, and the new polypeptide breaks free

Question 39

What does a chaperone protein do?

Answer 39

help fold the polypeptide which may be shortened or combined with others to form the finished protein.

Question 40

What has a codon sequence?

Answer 40

mRNA

Question 41

What has an anticodon sequence?

Answer 41

tRNA

Question 42

What occurs when the ribosome reaches a STOP codon?

Answer 42

Substitution, nonsense

Question 43

When is the ribosome released?

Answer 43

Termination

Question 44

A mutation that codes for a different amino acid is...

Answer 44

substitution, missense

Question 45

A ___, mutation is an example of a ___ mutation.

Answer 45

substitution, point

Question 46

A ___ mutation is an example of a frameshift mutation.

Answer 46

deletion

Question 47

Germline mutations will harm an offspring. True or false?

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Somatic mutations will harm an offspring. True or false?

Answer 48

False

Question 49

A mutation that will code for the exact same amino acid is...

Answer 49

Silent

Question 50

Who discovered bacteria could transfer genetic material?

Answer 50

Griffith

Question 51

Who is the scientist who formulated the transformation principle in genetics?

Answer 51

GRIFFITH

Question 52

What are Adenine and Guanine?

Answer 52

Purines

Question 53

What are Thymine and Cytosine?

Answer 53

Pyrimidines

Question 54

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine?

Answer 54

2

Question 55

How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?

Answer 55

3

Question 56

What never change in DNA?

Answer 56

Phosphate group and deoxyribosugar

Question 57

Multiple amino acids in a chain are called?

Answer 57

polypeptide chain