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AP Biology DNA STRUCTURES AND GENE FUNCTION > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria can transfer…

A

genetic information

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2
Q

What did Griffith determine?

A

that an unknown substance transmits as disease-causing trait between 2 types of bacteria

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3
Q

With the help of protein- and DNA-destroying enzymes, scientists subsequently showed…

A

that Griffith’s “transforming principle” was DNA

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4
Q

What did Hershey and Chase confirm?

A

the genetic role of DNA

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5
Q

By using viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages), Hershey and Chase confirmed that…

A

the genetic material is DNA and not protein

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6
Q

What is DNA’s shape and what does it contain?

A

double helix of nucleotides

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7
Q

What did Wilkins and Franklin provide

A

X-ray diffraction data

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8
Q

Watson and Crick combined these clues to…

A

propose the double helix of DNA

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9
Q

What did Chargaff discover?

A

that Adenine and Thymine, and Guanine and Cytosine occur equal in proportions in DNA

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10
Q

DNA is a ladder with what complementary bases?

A

Adenine with Thymine & Guanine and Cytosine

Amazing Timing & Good Cheese

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11
Q

What is crucial to a cell’s protein?

A

DNA

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12
Q

What are the two processes of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription & Translation

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13
Q

An organism’s genome includes what?

A

All of its genetic material

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14
Q

Most of the genome is divided among multiple chromosomes, which are…

A

discrete packages of DNA and associated proteins

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

A stretch of DNA that is transcribed to RNA

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16
Q

What happens when a protein is produced?

A

a cell transcribes the gene’s information to mRNA which is translated into a sequence of amino acids

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17
Q

The two chains of DNA double helix are antiparallel with…

A

the end of one strand is 3’ and the end of the other is 5’

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18
Q

What does transcription use to create RNA?

A

DNA Template

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19
Q

Transcription uses what enzyme?

A

RNA polymerase enzyme

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20
Q

What does RNA polymerase enzyme bind to?

A

Promoter on DNA

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21
Q

What is the second step of transcription?

A

RNA polymerase builds on RNA molecule

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22
Q

How does Transcription end?

A

When RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence in DNA.

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23
Q

What happens after transcription?

A

The cells add a cap and poly A tail.

24
Q

Introns are __ out of RNA.

A

cut

25
Q

Exons are…

A

spliced together

26
Q

What does translation require?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

27
Q

What does mRNA carry?

A

a protein-encoding gene’s information

28
Q

What does rRNA help with?

A

proteins to form ribosomes, WHICH SUPPORT AND HELP CATALYZE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

29
Q

What do cells regulate?

A

gene expression.

30
Q

What are operons?

A

Groups of bacterial genes that share 1 promoter.

31
Q

What does protein synthesis require?

A

A lot of energy input

32
Q

Example of operon?

A

E. coli lac

33
Q

What links mRNA to protein?

A

the genetic code

34
Q

What is the correspondence between codons and amino acids?

A

the genetic code

35
Q

What does mRNA join in the first step of translation?

A

a small ribosomal unit and a tRNA carrying an amino acid

36
Q

When does a large ribosomal unit the join a smaller ribosomal unit?

A

Translation (after first step)

37
Q

What happens during elogation?

A

Additional tRNA molecules carrying amino acids bring 2 subsequent mRNA.

38
Q

What happens in termination?

A

the ribosome reaches a stop codon and is released, and the new polypeptide breaks free

39
Q

What does a chaperone protein do?

A

help fold the polypeptide which may be shortened or combined with others to form the finished protein.

40
Q

What has a codon sequence?

A

mRNA

41
Q

What has an anticodon sequence?

A

tRNA

42
Q

What occurs when the ribosome reaches a STOP codon?

A

Substitution, nonsense

43
Q

When is the ribosome released?

A

Termination

44
Q

A mutation that codes for a different amino acid is…

A

substitution, missense

45
Q

A ___, mutation is an example of a ___ mutation.

A

substitution, point

46
Q

A ___ mutation is an example of a frameshift mutation.

A

deletion

47
Q

Germline mutations will harm an offspring. True or false?

A

True

48
Q

Somatic mutations will harm an offspring. True or false?

A

False

49
Q

A mutation that will code for the exact same amino acid is…

A

Silent

50
Q

Who discovered bacteria could transfer genetic material?

A

Griffith

51
Q

Who is the scientist who formulated the transformation principle in genetics?

A

GRIFFITH

52
Q

What are Adenine and Guanine?

A

Purines

53
Q

What are Thymine and Cytosine?

A

Pyrimidines

54
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine?

A

2

55
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3

56
Q

What never change in DNA?

A

Phosphate group and deoxyribosugar

57
Q

Multiple amino acids in a chain are called?

A

polypeptide chain

AP Biology DNA STRUCTURES AND GENE FUNCTION (5 decks)

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