Chapter 7

Question 1

This fear relates to concerns regarding safety and well-being for others such as family or friends. It contributes to one’s personal fear.

Answer 1

Altruistic Fear

Question 2

The gap between falling crime rates and stable or even increasing levels of fear has led to renewed interest among police in strategies for reducing fear of crime. What is this gap referred to as?

Answer 2

The reassurance gap

Question 3

This defined as consisting of a “set of components found in social associations and interactions among people that, when activated, empower individuals and facilitate cooperation toward mutual benefit. In essence, it refers to the social support networks, local institutions, shared norms of trust and reciprocity, and collective activities among community members that can be used to produce a common good”.

Answer 3

Social capital

Question 4

There are may national and local agencies working to identify the best strategies to address truancy and the surrounding issues, and those that are most successful include:

Answer 4

A. broad-based collaborative effort where schools and communities work jointly and proactively to effectively tackle the
problem of truancy.

NOTE: School officials, parents, politicians, law officials, community organizations, and social service agencies must all be at the planning table to collaboratively develop targeted truancy intervention strategies.

Question 5

This is one of the first indicators of a child who is in trouble:

Answer 5

Truancy

Question 6

Truancy has been correlated with (4):

Answer 6

1. teen pregnancy
2. Juvenile delinquency
3. substance abuse
4. adult criminality

Question 7

This type of policing simply is police actions that go beyond crime and disorder problems. The police develop positive relationships with community members to the point that they have confidence and the police in their ability to serve community needs.

Answer 7

Reassurance policing

Question 8

Historically, fear of crime was not a prime concern to the police and it was not until this era that fear of crime was an issue in the American criminal justice system.

Answer 8

1970’s

Question 9

The victim’s movement was buttressed by these movements:

Answer 9

Women’s and children’s movements

Question 10

These victimizations come with the treatment of the victims by the criminal justice system.

Answer 10

Secondary victimization

Question 11

Fear of Crime became a legitimate police objective as a result of:

Answer 11

The Flint, Michigan, Foot Patrol Experiment

Question 12

The Flint Foot Patrol Experiment

At the end of the program, roughly ______% of the citizens surveyed reported feeling safer as a result of the foot patrols.

Answer 12

70%

Question 13

Rader note that the threat of victimization consists of three components:

Answer 13

(1) The emotive component, or generalized fear, where the individual becomes wary of real and perceived disorder, and crime events in the community
2. The cognitive component, which is one’s perceived risk and consists of one’s assessment of danger
3. The behavioral component, which is constrained activities or lifestyle.

Question 14

Most research into fear of crime shows that there is some degree of irrationality associated with it. That is, fear of crime is not consistent with (1)___________ and
(2) ___________.

Answer 14

1. victimization

2. levels of crime

Question 15

There has been a substantial amount of interest in fear of crime over the past 20 years. Studies of the topic have resulted in four theoretical models that have been used to describe the fear of crime process. The models include: (4)

Answer 15

1. the victimization model
2. the disorder model
3. the community concern model
4. the subcultural-diversity model

Question 16

This model explains that fear of crime through personal victimization, experiences, with others who have been victimized, and perceived and victimization.

Answer 16

The Victimization Model

Question 17

This model postulates that fear is produced by the amount of perceived disorder that people encounter in their neighborhood, or areas where they travel such as work, shopping, and recreation.

Answer 17

The Disorder Model

Question 18

This model posits that fear of crime is related to community dynamics.

Answer 18

The Community Concern Model

Question 19

This model suggests that some measure of fear of crime is produced from persons living near others who have cultural backgrounds that are different from their own.

Answer 19

The Cultural-Diversity Model

Question 20

Thompson and her colleagues investigated global fear, fear of property crime, and fear of violent crime. Global fear refer to one’s general sense of fear of crime. Their research indicated that this was perhaps the best way to measure or understand people’s fear of crime.

Answer 20

Global fear

Question 21

Which theoretical model includes:

primary victimization
secondary victimization
victimization of family and friends

Answer 21

Victimization Model

Question 22

Which theoretical model includes:

Disorder in neighborhood
Vandalism
Drugs and alcohol use
Lawlessness
Lack of community norms
Gangs

Answer 22

Disorder Model

Question 23

Which theoretical model includes:

Community dynamics
Diffuse attitudes about social change

Answer 23

Community Concern Model

Question 24

Which theoretical model includes:

Different cultural backgrounds
Ethnic and racial diversity

Answer 24

Cultural-Diversity Model

Question 25

One of the primary indicators of disorder in major cities is the presence of:

Answer 25

Gangs

Question 26

This is the crime that produced the greatest amount of fear.

Answer 26

Identity Theft

Question 27

This group was the most fearful of every crime with the exception of identity theft:

Answer 27

African-Americans

Question 28

This crime is the most common type of crime and generates the most fear among Americans.

Answer 28

Property Crime

Question 29

Agnew notes that direct victimization may not affect long-term levels of fear of crime because victims tend to neutralize their victimization. The victims may do the following (as a means to neutralize):

Answer 29

1. blame themselves
2. disregard the extent of their injuries, or
3. attribute their victimization to helping a friend or acquaintance

Question 30

Feminists maintain that there is underreporting of female victimization and female fear of crime may not be inconsistent with victimization rates. Some reasons for non-reporting include: (2)

Answer 30

1. Women are more likely to be sexually assaulted by non-strangers
2. Hidden violence in the form of domestic violence

Question 31

This appears to be the best predictor of fear of crime.

Answer 31

Gender

Question 32

This group constitutes the group that is victimized most frequently.

Answer 32

Young males

Question 33

Police efforts to reduce fear of crime among women include the following: (3)

Answer 33

1. First and foremost,, the police must continue their efforts to more effectively deal with crimes that target women: rape, sexual assaults, and domestic violence.
2. Secondly, the police must ensure that there are ample safe public recreational areas for children.
3. Third, it appears that a substantial portion of women’s fear is generated from their vulnerability.

Question 34

It appears that a substantial portion of women’s fear of crime is generated from their vulnerability. Police-citizen academies and other training for women should emphasize: (4)

Answer 34

1. self-defense
2. victimization response
3. community safety
4. support for victim’s crime

Question 35

This is only second to gender in predicting one’s level of fear of crime.

Answer 35

Age

Question 36

No group of people have a higher rate of victimization from violent crime, particularly homicide, than:

Answer 36

Young male African-American

Question 37

Anecdotal facts that help explain elderly levels of fear include the following: (3)

Answer 37

1. First, elderly display heightened levels of fear in the high crimes areas, but their levels in non-crime areas are consistent with other groups
2. Clemente and Kleiman found that age as a predictor of fear was strongest in inner-cities and weakest in rural areas and small towns
3. Akers found that areas where there were higher concentrations of elderly, as opposed to a mix of ages, produced lower levels of fear.

Question 38

Gaines and Kappeler note that this under-enforcement, as opposed to over-enforcement, generates the largest number of complaint from this community.

Answer 38

The African-American community

Question 39

The police frequently come under fire from some segments of the Africans community when they increase their presence and enforcement levels, but they also receive substantial support from a number of residents, especially this group, who are in favor of stricter enforcement.

Answer 39

Elderly

Question 40

Graber in a study of newspapers, found that ________ to ________% of the news stories were devoted to crime. 12 to 13% of television news was devoted to crime.

Answer 40

22 to 28%

Question 41

Three factors that serve to predict the influence f news reporting on fear of crime: (3)

Answer 41

1. locale
2. degree of randomness
3. the bizarreness of violence associated with the act.

Question 42

Jurin and Field examined newspaper articles about crime and found the following contributed to it being reported:

Answer 42

1. Sensational nature of the crime
2. Public interest in the victim or perpetrator
3. The humorous nature of the crime

Question 43

Although crime news is extremely popular, the police should attempt to have the media include more of these stories about the police and the community. These type of stories foster a greater sense of security and help reduce the fear of crime.

Answer 43

Human-interest stories

Question 44

The traditional police response to fear of crime has been to:

Answer 44

Disregard it as a legitimate police

objective

Question 45

This study demonstrated that people pay little attention to the police who ride the streets as a function of routine patrol. It appeared that the public’s perception of the police was based on direct contacts and the quality of those contacts.

Answer 45

Kansas City Patrol Study

Question 46

Fear Reduction in Newark, NJ

As a result of an extensive planning process, the police department identified three basic sources of fear that should be addressed: (3)

Answer 46

1. the lack of local, relevant information about crime and ways to prevent it
2. the presence of social disorder and physical deterioration in a neighborhood
3. the limited quality of contacts between the police and the public

Question 47

Fear Reduction in Newark, NJ

An evaluation of the program found that this had no profound effect on crime or fear problems.

Answer 47

the community newsletter

Question 48

In a study by Scheider, Rowell and Bezdikian that investigated the effects of community policing on satisfaction with the police, crime prevention behaviors, and fear of crime. They found that community policing did not affect citizen’s fear of crime. In fact, fear increases when the following crime prevention activities were used:

Answer 48

1. distributing crime news or information and

2. engaging in crime prevention activities

Question 49

It seems providing police presence does not improve peoples fear of crime. This is the best way to reduce fear of crime.

Answer 49

“Positive contacts” between police and people

Question 50

It seems providing police presence does not improve peoples fear of crime. This is the best way to reduce fear of crime.

Answer 50

“Positive contacts” between police and people