Chapter 7 Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
The axial skeleton forms the _____ axis of the body.
A
longitudinal
2
Q
Four components of the axial skeleton
A
Skull and associated bones
Thoracic cage
Vertebral column
Supplemental cartilages
3
Q
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
A
80 bones
4
Q
The axial skeleton makes up what percentage of bones in the human body?
A
40 percent
5
Q
Joints of the axial skeleton are _____ in movement, but very _____.
A
movement
strong
6
Q
Three functions of the muscles attached to the axial skeleton
A
Adjust the position of the head, neck, and trunk
Perform respiratory movements
Stabilize or position parts of the appendicular skeleton that support the limbs
7
Q
Connected by ligaments to the inferior surface of the temporal bones
A
Hyoid
8
Q
Located within the temporal bones (3 on each side)
A
auditory ossicles
9
Q
Functions of facial bones
A
Protect and support entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts
Provide attachment points for muscles that
Control facial expression
Assist in manipulation of food
10
Q
Fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain
A
cranial cavity
11
Q
Enclose the cranial cavity
A
Cranial bones
12
Q
Attachment point for blood vessels, nerves, and membranes stabilizing the position of the brain
A
Inner surface of cranial bones
13
Q
Attachment point for muscles that move the eyes, jaws, and head
A
Outer surface of cranial bones
14
Q
Roof of the skull formed by the occipital, parietal, and frontal bones
A
Calvaria (skullcap)
15
Q
Joints (articulations) between the skull bones of adults that are immovable and held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
A
Sutures
16
Q
Four major sutures of the skull
A
Coronal
Squamous
Sagittal
Lambdoid
17
Q
attaches frontal to parietal bones
A
Coronal suture
18
Q
attaches temporal and parietal bones
A
Squamous suture
19
Q
attaches parietal bones
A
Sagittal suture
20
Q
attaches occipital to parietal bones
A
Lambdoid suture
21
Q
Sutural bones may be present along this suture
A
Lamboid suture
22
Q
Support superior portion of the bridge of the nose
A
Nasal bones
23
Q
Form part of medial wall of the orbit (eye socket)
A
Lacrimal bones
24
Q
Form the posterior portion of the hard palate and contribute to the floor of each orbit
A
Palatine bones
25
Form part of the cheekbone and contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit
Zygomatic bones
26
Form inferior orbital rim, the upper jaw, lateral margins of the external nares, and most of hard palate and support the upper teeth
Maxillae
27
Increase epithelial surface area to warm and humidify inhaled air and create turbulence in air entering the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
28
Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum
Vomer
29
Forms the lower jaw
Mandible
30
Which bones dominate the anterior aspect of the skull?
Facial bones
31
Forms the anterior portion of the cranium and roof of the orbits
Frontal bone
32
Forms part of the floor of the cranium
Unites facial and cranial bones
Acts as a cross-brace to strengthen sides of the skull
Sphenoid bone
33
Forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, part of nasal septum and medial orbital wall
Ethmoid bone
34
Form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium
Parietal bones
35
Contributes to the posterior, lateral, and inferior cranial surfaces
Occipital bone
36
Attachment point for ligament that helps stabilize the vertebrae of the neck
External occipital crest
37
Form part of the lateral wall of the cranium
Articulate with the mandible and facial bones
Surround the sense organs of the inner ear
Temporal bones
38
Attachment site for muscles closing the jaw and moving the head
Temporal bones
39
Attachment for muscles that rotate or extend head
Mastoid process
40
Attached to ligaments supporting the hyoid bone and tendons of several muscles
Styloid process
41
Canal beginning on lateral surface of the temporal bone and ending at the tympanic membrane
External acoustic meatus
42
Articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process
43
Attachment site for several facial muscles
Mental protuberance
44
Projecting ridges of maxillae and mandible
Alveolar processes
45
Articulation site for temporal bone and mandible
Mandibular fossa
46
Articulation site between skull and first cervical vertebra
Occipital condyles
47
Passage for optic nerves from eyes to the brain
Optic canals
48
Saddle-shaped enclosure
Sella turcica
49
Depression in the sella turcica
| Supports and protects the pituitary gland
Hypophyseal fossa (pituitary fossa)
50
Extend horizontally anterior to the sella turcica
Lesser wings
51
Extend laterally from the body
| Form part of the cranial floor and posterior wall of the orbit
Greater wings
52
Three parts of the ethmoid bone
Cribform plate
Lateral masses
Perpendicular plate
53
Forms anteromedial cranial floor and nasal cavity roof
| Olfactory foramina permit passage of olfactory nerves for sense of smell
Cribriform plate
54
Bony ridge that projects superior to cribriform plate
Crista galli
55
Interconnected air cells that open into the nasal cavity within the paired lateral masses
ethmoidal labyrinth
56
Two sets of delicate projections within the paired lateral masses
Superior nasal conchae
| Middle nasal conchae
57
Forms part of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate
58
Forms posterior portion of the hard palate and contributes to the floor of each orbit
Palatine bone
59
Forms part of the floor of the orbit
| Contains a small sinus that usually opens into the sphenoidal sinus
Orbital process
60
Forms the posterior part of the hard palate
Horizontal plate
61
Extends from the horizontal plate to the orbital process
Perpendicular plate
62
Collections of facial bones protecting sense organs
Complexes
63
Surrounds the nasal conchae
Nasal complex
64
Each orbital complex contains one ____ and is formed by ____ bones.
eye
| 7
65
Includes bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Nasal complex
66
Inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
67
Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses
68
Functions of the Paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Allow the voice to resonate
Provide extensive area of mucous epithelium
69
Secrete mucus to flush the nasal cavity surfaces
Ethmoid air cells
70
Generally appear after age 6; may not develop
Frontal sinuses
71
Open into the sphenoidal sinuses
Palatine sinuses
72
Secrete mucus to flush inferior nasal cavity surfaces
| Largest sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
73
Only movable bone of the skull
mandible
74
Entrance to the mandibular canal
| Passageway for blood vessels and nerves supplying the lower teeth
Mandibular foramen
75
Supports the larynx
| Body is the attachment site for muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue
Hyoid bone
76
Located within each middle ear cavity
Enclosed in petrous part of the temporal bone
Play key role in hearing
Conduct vibrations from the tympanic membrane to internal ear
Auditory ossicles
77
Three bones of auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
78
Large fibrous areas between cranial bones of infants and small children
Ease passage of head through birth canal
Allow for cranial growth to keep pace with brain growth in later fetal stages
Fontanelles
79
Over time, fontanelles are replaced with _____.
sutures
80
All fontanelles are replaced before age _____ when the brain stops growing.
5
81
Intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
Largest fontanelle
Commonly called the “soft spot”
Anterior fontanelle
82
Junction of squamous and coronal sutures
Sphenoidal fontanelle
83
Junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures
Mastoid fontanelle
84
Junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures
Occipital fontanelle
85
```
Cervical region ( ___ vertebrae)
Thoracic region ( ___ vertebrae)
Lumbar region ( ___ vertebrae)
```
7
12
5
86
The vertebral column is composed of _____ bones.
26
87
The _____ curve and the ____ curve of the vertebral column develop before birth and the _____ curve and the _____ curve develop after birth.
Thoracic
Sacral
Cervical
Lumbar
88
Balances the weight of the trunk over lower limbs
| Develops with the ability to stand
Lumbar curve
89
Develops as an infant learns to lift the head
| Balances the head on the neck
Cervical curve
90
Accommodates the abdominopelvic organs
Sacral curve
91
Accommodates the thoracic organs
Thoracic curve
92
Each vertebrae consists of these three basic parts
Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
93
The opening framed by the vertebral body and the vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
94
Extend superiorly and inferiorly to articulate with adjacent vertebrae
Articular process
95
Forms posterior and lateral margins of the vertebral foramen
Vertebral arch
96
Transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column
Vertebral body
97
Smooth, concave surface on each articular process
| Forms the joint with the adjacent vertebra
Articular facet
98
Articulate with the inferior articular processes of a superior vertebra
Superior articular processes
99
Articulate with the superior articular processes of an inferior vertebra
Inferior articular processes
100
Projects posteriorly from point of fusion of the laminae
Spinous process
101
Project laterally from where pedicles join the laminae
Sites of muscle attachment
May articulate with the ribs
Transverse processes
102
Formed by the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae
| Encloses the spinal cord
vertebral canal
103
Pads of fibrocartilage separating the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral discs
104
Spaces formed between successive pedicles
| Allow passage of nerves and blood vessels
Intervertebral foramina
105
Cervical vertebrae that permits nodding yes
Atlas C1
106
Cervical vertebrae that permits rotation as in shaking head “no”
Axis C2
107
Largest vertebrae (transmit the most weight)
Lumbar vertebrae
108
Five fused vertebrae
Begin fusing after puberty, fused by age 25–30
Protects reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs
Sacrum
109
Three to five fused vertebrae
| Begin fusing about age 26
Coccyx
110
Composed of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
| Protects heart, lungs, thymus, and other thoracic cavity organs
Thoracic cage
111
Flat bone that forms in anterior midline of the thoracic wall
Sternum (breastbone)
112
Trapezoid-shaped superior portion of sternum
| Articulates with clavicles and first pair of ribs
Manubrium
113
Attached to inferior portion of body of sternum
Xiphoid process
114
Attaches to inferior surface of the manubrium
| Articulates with rib pairs 2–7
Body of sternum
115
Connect to sternum by individual costal cartilages
| Also called true ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
116
Connect to sternum by shared costal cartilages
Vertebrochondral ribs
117
No connection to sternum
| Also known as floating ribs
Vertebral ribs
118
Includes bones of the limbs and supporting bone girdles that connect the limbs to the trunk
Appendicular Skeleton
119
Joins the arms to the trunk
Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle
120
Each pectoral girdle consists of:
An S-shaped _____
A broad, flat _____
clavicle
| scapula
121
Only articulation between pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton
sternoclavicular joint
122
Originates at articulation with the superior, lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum (lateral to jugular notch)
Clavicle
123
Articulates with acromion of scapula at the clavicular notch
acromioclavicular joint
124
Depression on the anterior scapular surface
Subscapular fossa
125
Cup-shaped depression
| Where scapula articulates with the humerus forming the glenohumoral joint
Glenoid cavity
126
Large process that extends laterally
Projects posterior and superior to the glenoid cavity
Continuous with the scapular spine
Acromion
127
Projects anterior and superior to glenoid cavity
Coracoid process
128
Ridge crossing the posterior surface of the scapular body
Continuous with the acromion
Ends at the medial border of the body
Scapular spine
129
Depression superior to the scapular spine
Supraspinous fossa (supra, above)
130
Region inferior to scapular spine
Infraspinous fossa (infra, below)
131
Carpals
Wrist
132
Metacarpals and phalanges
Hands
133
Only bone in the arm or brachium
Humerus
134
Humerus: Corresponds to the metaphysis of growing bone
| Typical site for fractures
Surgical neck
135
Humerus: Marks the extent of the joint capsule
Anatomical neck
136
Humerus: Proximal end that articulates with the glenoid cavity
Head
137
Humerus shaft expands at distal end to form _____
epicondyles
138
Humerus: Rounded projection on lateral epiphyseal surface
| Establishes lateral contour of the shoulder
Greater tubercle
139
Humerus: Smaller projection on anterior, medial surface of the epiphysis
Lesser tubercle
140
Humerus: Between the greater and lesser tubercles (both important muscle attachment sites)
Large tendon runs through the groove
Intertubercular sulcus
141
Humerus: Large, rough elevation on the lateral humeral shaft
| Attachment site for deltoid muscle
Deltoid tuberosity
142
Site where humerus articulates with both radius (radiohumeral joint) and ulna (humeroulnar joint)
Condyle
143
Parallel bones that support the forearm
Ulna and radius
144
In anatomical position, the ulna is _____ to the radius
medial
145
Lateral surface of ulnar head articulates with ulnar notch on distal end of radius
Distal radioulnar joint
146
Radial notch on ulna articulates with radial head
Proximal radioulnar joint
147
Shafts of the ulna and radius are connected by the _____ of the forearm
interosseous membrane
148
Proximal end of ulna forming the point of the elbow
Olecranon
149
Ulna: Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
Trochlear notch
150
Ulna: Forms inferior lip of trochlear notch
| Fits into coronoid fossa of humerus during flexion
Coronoid process
151
Slender, rounded distal end of the ulna
Ulnar head
152
Pointed projection on lateral surface of ulnar head
| Attached articular cartilage disc separates ulnar head from wrist bones
Styloid process of the ulna
153
Disc-shaped proximal end of the radius
| Articulates with the capitulum of humerus
Radial head
154
Extends from the radial head to radial tuberosity
Neck of the radius
155
Attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle
Radial tuberosity
156
Site of articulation with the head of the ulna
Ulnar notch of the radius
157
Pointed projection on the distal end of the radius
| Helps stabilize the wrist joint
Styloid process of the radius
158
On the lateral border of wrist
| Closest to styloid process of radius
Scaphoid (skaphe, boat)
159
Carpal: Comma-shaped
| Medial to the scaphoid
Lunate (luna, moon)
160
Pyramid-shaped
Medial to the lunate
Articulates with articular disc separating the ulna from the wrist
Triquetrum
161
Pea-shaped
| Anterior to the triquetrum
Pisiform (pisum, pea)
162
Lateral bone of distal row
| Proximal surface articulates with scaphoid
Trapezium
163
Wedge-shaped bone medial to trapezium
| Also articulates with the scaphoid
Trapezoid
164
Largest carpal bone
| Between the trapezoid and hamate
Capitate (caput, head)
165
Medial, distal carpal bone
| Prominent hook projects anteriorly
Hamate (hamatum, hooked)
166
Pollex (thumb) has ___ phalanges (proximal and distal)
| All other fingers have ___ phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
2
| 3
167
Composed of two hip bones also called coxal bones or innominate (no name) bones
Pelvic girdle
168
Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
169
Fibrocartilage pad connecting the right and left pubic bones
Pubic symphysis
170
Hip bone attachment sites for important muscles and ligaments
Iliac spines
171
Passage of sciatic nerve to lower limb
Greater sciatic notch
172
Hip bone: Important ridge for muscle attachment
Iliac crest
173
Hip bone: Projects superior to lesser sciatic notch
| Marks passage of blood vessels, nerves and small muscle
Ischial spine
174
Hip bone: Roughened projection
| Bears body weight when seated
Ischial tuberosity
175
Concave socket formed by all three fused bones
Articulates with head of femur
Smooth, cup-shaped surface
Acetabulum
176
Hip bone: Articulates with auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
Auricular surface of the ilium
177
Hip bone: Roughened area superior to the auricular surface
| Ligaments from here stabilize sacroiliac joint
Iliac tuberosity
178
Hip bone: Space that is closed by sheet of collagen fibers
| Inner and outer surfaces provide base for muscle attachment
Obturator foramen
179
Articulation between sacrum and adjacent ilium
Sacroiliac joint
180
Two divisions of the pelvis
True/Lesser Pelvis
| False/Greater Pelvis
181
Tarsals
ankle
182
Femur
thigh
183
Tibia and fibula
Leg
184
Longest and heaviest bone in the body
Femur
185
Articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum
Femoral head
186
Attachment site for powerful hip muscles
Linea aspera
187
Part of the knee joint at distal end of femur
Medial and lateral condyles
188
Large sesamoid bone that forms in the quadriceps tendon
Patella
189
Large medial bone of leg (shin bone)
Tibia
190
Attachment site of the patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
191
Medial projection of ankle that provides medial support for the ankle joint
Medial malleolus (malleolus, hammer)
192
Attachment site for muscles moving foot and toes
Fibula
193
Distal tip that extends lateral to the ankle
| Provides lateral stability to the ankle
Lateral malleolus
194
Largest of the tarsal bones
Calcaneus (heel bone)
195
calcaneal tendon
Achilles tendon
196
Spool- or pulley-shaped articular process between tibia and talus
Trochlea
197
Transmits body weight from tibia toward the toes
Talus
198
Phalanges
toe bones
199
Hallux (great toe) has ___ bones (proximal and distal)
| All other toes have ___ bones (proximal, middle, distal)
2
| 3
200
Formed due to ligaments and tendons connecting calcaneus to distal part of metatarsal bones
Longitudinal arch
201
Formed due to the degree of longitudinal curvature changing from medial to lateral border
Transverse arch
202
Fracture of the fifth metatarsal
| Usually occurs while body weight is supported by the longitudinal arch
Dancer’s fracture
