Chapter 7 Flashcards
Thorndike came up with the theory of “Law of Effect” but he has also another theory involving the analysis of …?
a) Associative structure of Pavlovian conditioning
b) associations of the organisms’ behaviors
c) Associative structure of instrumental conditioning
d) Associative components of instrumental response
c) - This approach relies heavily on the concept of associations and hence is compatible with the theoretical tradition of Pavlovian conditioning.
The Associative Structure of Instrumental Conditioning approach takes on a molecular perspective. What does this mean?
a) it involves looking at isolated behavioral preparations and provides convenient framework for generalization
b) it involves looking at aggregates of behavioral preparations and provides convenient framework for studying neural mechanisms of instrumental conditioning.
c) it involves looking at every kind of behaviors; isolated and aggregates to be able to study neural mechanisms of instrumental conditioning
d) it involves looking at isolated behavioral preparations and provides convenient framework for studying neural mechanisms
e) all of the above
D.
What is the 2nd strategy for analyzing motivational processes in instrumental learning?
a) responding-associative approach
b) response-allocation approach
c) rapid-association approach
d) none of the above
b.
The response-allocation approach was developed by Skinnerian traditions and involves considering inst. conditioning in its broader perspective. What does this mean for the approach?
a) Concerned with how inst. conditioning procedure allows an organism’s free flow of activities; considers the motivation of instrumental conditioning from a molar view; considers long-term goals and how organisms manage to achieve those goals within the context of all behaviors from the organism
b) Concerned with how inst. conditioning procedure limits an organism’s free flow of activities; considers the motivation of instrumental conditioning from a molecular view; considers short-term goals and how organisms manage to achieve those goals within the context of all behaviors from the organism
c) Concerned with how inst. conditioning procedure limits an organism’s free flow of activities; considers the motivation of instrumental conditioning from a molar view; considers long-term goals and how organisms manage to achieve those goals within the context of all behaviors from the organism
d) It’s a molecular perspective that takes into account all behaviors of the organisms
c)
For effective instrumental learning, it said that there are 3 events to consider, what are they?
a) Stimulus context, instrumental response and reinforcer.
b) Stimulus relevance, conditioned response and reinforcer
c) stimulus salience, instrumental response and conditioned response.
d) Stimulus context, instrumental conditioning and reinforcer
a)
The S-R association is considered to be the key of Thorndike’s Law of Effect and instrumental conditioning. what did Thorndike assume once the S-R association was formed?
a) S-R association was responsible for the occurrence of aversion learning.
b) S-R association was responsible for the US.
c) S-R association was not responsible for the occurrence of instrumental behavior.
d) S-R association was responsible for sexual conditioning.
e) None of the above
e.
TRUE or FALSE. The Law of effect assumes that the only role of the reinforcer in the S-R association is to strengthen it.
True. The reinforcer itself was believed not to be a party or participant in the association
TRUE or FALSE. Thorndike’s S-R association is not seen as the way a habit is formed and is not being considered to play a role in the habitual nature of drug addiction.
False. Taking a drug can be first seen as instrumental conditioning because of its positive consequences but, with repetitive use, taking the drug becomes habitual in the sense that it becomes an automatic reaction to specific cues. It elicits drug taking behavior without regard of its consequences.
One of the earliest and most influential accounts for the role of classical conditioning in instrumental behavior was offered by Clark Hull with later elaborated on by Kenneth Spence. What was their proposal?
Instrumental response increases during the course of instrumental conditioning for 2 reasons:
- The presence of S evokes the inst. response directly through Thorndike’s S-R association
- The inst. response also comes to be made in response to an S-O association that creates the expectancy of reward.
What does the Two-Process Theory assumes?
a) There are 2 distinct types of learning: Pavlovian and instrumental. Assumes that these two learning processes are separate entities.
b) There are 2 distinct types of learning: Pavlovian and instrumental. Assumes that these two learning processes both aren’t applicable to humans.
c) There are 2 distinct types of learning: Pavlovian and instrumental. Assumes that these two learning processes are related in a special way.
d) There are 2 distinct types of learning: Pavlovian and instrumental. Assumes that these two learning processes are simply bonanzas.
c.
What is the most basic experimental design to evaluate the hypothesis that an S-O association can motivate behavior?
a) Pavlovian dogs transfer experiment
b) Pavlovian gestalt experiment
c) Pavlov and sign tracking experiment
d) Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment.
e) there are no basic experimental design.
D. The experiment is called Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment because it determines how an independently established Pavlovian CS transfers to influence or motivate instrumental responding.
TRUE or FALSE. Classically conditioned stimuli elicit not only emotional states but also overt responses such as sign tracking.
TRUE. Consequently, the overt responses elicited by a Pavlovian CS may influence the results in a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment.
In the study where they took a VI 20 secs schedule to test the effects of Pavlovian conditioning for alcohol conditioning reinforced by alcohol, what were the results?
a) the rats from the paired group showed an increase in lever pressing during the CS period if the CS was presented on the same side as the lever indicating that the independently established S-O association can facilitate instrumental responding.
b) the rats from the paired group showed an decrease in lever pressing during the CS period if the CS was presented on the same side as the lever was presented indicating that the independently established S-O association can facilitate instrumental responding.
c) the rats from the paired group showed an increase in lever pressing during the CS period if the CS was presented on the same side as the lever was presented indicating that the independently established S-O association does not facilitate instrumental responding.
a.
TRUE or FALSE. In the study where they took a VI 20 secs schedule to test the effects of Pavlovian conditioning for alcohol conditioning reinforced by alcohol, the results of the transfer test did not depend on the compatibility of the Pavlovian CR and the instrumental response.
False, it did depend.
What do organisms acquire instead of simple categorical + or - emotions during instrumental and classical conditioning?
a) Specific reward schedules
b) Unreliable reward expectancies
c) Specific emotional training.
d) none of the above.
e) all of the above
D. they acquire specific reward expectancies.
Kruse et al., 1983, took solid food pellets and a sugar solution as USs in a Pavlovian inst. transfer experiment with rats. During the transfer phase, the CS+ for food pellets \_\_\_ inst. responding reinforced w/pellets much more than instrumental behavior reinforced with the sugar solution. The CS+ for sugar \_\_\_ instrumental behavior reinforced with sugar more than inst. behavior w/food pellets. a) Facilitated & decreased. B) Facilitated & increased. c) decreased & facilitated. d) Decreased & decreased.b.
b.
What association does not exist in the Two-Process Models?
a) S-R association
b) All of the associations exist.
c) R-O association
d) None of the associations exist.
c.
an R-O association is between the instrumental response and its reinforcer
TRUE or FALSE. the most common technique used to demonstrate the existence of R-O associations involves devaluing the reinforcer after conditioning.
TRUE. if an instrumental response occurs because of R-O association, devaluation of the reinforcer (O) should reduce the rate of instrumental responding (R).
What can one conclude about the CS if US devaluation disrupts the ability of the CS to elicit a CR?
a) that the US is no longer salient therefore the CS can no longer elicit the CR
b) One can conclude nothing from this.
c) that the CS activated the memory of the US and responding declined because the US memory was no longer as attractive.
d) that the CS did not activate the memory of the US and responding declined because the US memory was could not be recalled.
c. if the reinforcer devaluation disrupts inst. behavior, this shows that the memory of the outcome (O) was involved in motivating the inst. behavior.
Hogarth and Chase, 2011, did a study with students from the univeristy of Nottingham. They offered two choice keys where they could either have chocolate or a cigarette. During training, the responses between the chocolate and the cigarette were equally divided. What happened to both options after the experiment?
a) The tobacco option decreased when devalued and the chocolate option was preferred. The opposite is true when the chocolate option was devalued.
b) The tobacco option was preferred in the two phases compared to the chocolate option.
c) Both options decreased in their responding.
d) Participants stopped responding.
a.
It seems that R-O associations are also involved in drug-abuse behavior which seems at odds with previous claims that S-R associations are involved in drug addiction. Why is it that both associations are involved in drug abuse?
a) because R-O associations and S-R associations are essentially the same thing.
b) because R-O associations predominates in drug-related cue while S-R associations predominates in free-operant situations.
c) because drug abuse behaviors are still widely incomprehensible.
d) because R-O associations predominates in free-operant situations while S-R associations predominates in drug-related cues.
d.
Skinner’s theory of Three-Term Contingency is based on what implications of S(R-O) association?
a) That stimuli are dependent of the R-O association
b) that since inst. responding cannot be elicited only by an R-O associations, one can conclude that stimuli activates R therefore activating the R-O association.
c) That rats and pigeons need to do an inst. behavior to have the reinforcer.
d) none of the above
b.
