chapter 9 Flashcards
What does Extinction mean in classical conditioning?
It means that extinction involves repeated presentations of the CS without the US.
TRUE or FALSE. In instrumental conditioning, extinction involves no longer presenting the reinforcer when the response occurs.
True.
How did the Rescorla-Wagner Model view extinction?
a) Extinction was viewed as a new learning from the organism.
b) Extinction was viewed as the opposition of acquisition; absence of learning.
c) Extinction was viewed as only appearing in Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment.
d) The Rescorla-Wagner model does not exist
b. This view is however incorrect.
Is it possible for an organism to have a loss of conditioned response outside of Extinction?
a) Yes - it is called forgetting.
b) No - once the CR is acquired it is impossible to not produce the CR if the CS is present.
a.
Extinction is also studied at the level of ____, _______, ______ and _______.
a) brain structures, neurotransmitter systems, hormonal and cellular mechanisms.
b) brain structures, axonal systems, genetic and cellular mechanisms.
c) brain structures, social phobia, neurotransmitter systems, claustrophobia and other pathological fears.
d) brain structures, social phobia, genetic mechanisms, social phobia and trauma
e) none of the above
e) brain structures, NT systems, cellular and genetic mechanisms.
Since exposure therapy is basically an extinction procedure in which participants are exposed to cues that elicit fear in the absence of the aversive US, is it TRUE or FALSE that exposure therapy can never be employed in treating drug addiction in the aim of extinguishing cues associated with all drug-related behavior?
FALSE. exposure therapy is employed with treating drug association in the aim of extinguishing cues associated with drug-taking behavior.
The most basic effect of extinction is the decrease of the target response when the response is no longer results in reinforcement. What is the second basic behavioral effect of extinction?
It produces an increase in response variability.
Neuringer, Kornell and Olufs, 2001, took a group of rat that was reinforced for varying its response sequences (Group VAR) and another group of rat that was reinforced regardless of their variance (Group Yoke) then they made both groups go through an extinction procedure. What happened?
a) Group Var responded at first like usual and then decline while Group Yoke responded somewhat faster at first then declined.
b) Group Var and Group Yoke increased their responses in variability at first before declining.
c) Group Var showed much more variability at first and Group Yoke responded somewhat faster at first.
d) None of the above
c) The decline in responding occurred in the face of an increase in the variability of the response sequences the participants performed. Both groups showed an increase in variability. I.e. there was a decline in the response sequences but those sequences had an increase in variability.
TRUE OR FALSE. Response sequences that were highly likely to occur during reinforcement were erased during extinction.
FALSE. Response sequences that were highly likely to occur during reinforcement continued to occur during extinction.
Other studies showed that increase in variability is not special to extinction - it only needs reinforcement of low magnitude.
If another condition such as forgetting can occur in place of extinction, it possible for organisms to feel a strong emotion during extinction?
a) No - they only have a mild discomfort because they are deprived of reinforcement but nothing that can cause a deep change of behavior.
b) Yes - it is called frustration and frustrative nonreward energizes behavior. Under certain circumstances, frustration can be strong enough to induce aggression.
c) It depends on the species. In rats it is possible to induce aggression but not in piegons.
d) none of the above
b.
If I were to make an experiment using Skinnerian boxes and put one pigeon on an alterning continuous reinforcement schedule and extinction procedure while restraining the other in the back of the boxes, what kind of results should I expect?
a) on CRF the pigeon restrained will attack the other pigeon and on extinction procedure the pigeon on the procedure will attack the pigeon that is restrained.
b) On CRF, the pigeon on the schedule will ignore the pigeon restrained and on the extinction procedure it will show social behaviors.
c) On CRF, the pigeon restrained in the back will exhibit social behaviors and on the extinction procedure, it will attack the pigeon.
d) On CRF, the pigeon on the schedule will ignore the pigeon restrained in the back and on the extinction procedure, the pigeon will attack the pigeon restrained in the back
d.
Is it possible that after an extinction procedure, an organism can make the CR that is supposedly extinct?
a) No - once it is extinguished, the CR can never reappear.
b) Yes- but only in pigeons.
c) Yes - it is called spontaneous recovery and it appears when the organism has a rest period between the extinction procedure and the re-introduction of the CS.
c.
What is Renewal of Conditioned Responding that was identified by Mar Bouton et al., 2008?
Renewal refers to a recovery of conditioned responding when the contextual cues that were present during extinction are changed.
If I were to make a renewal experiment, what should I do to see the renewal effect?
a) Create two contexts, make both the extinction procedure and the conditioning procedure in the same context.
b) Create only one context but make the extinction procedure in the presence of another member of the organism.
c) Create two contexts and separate each procedure (extinction and conditioning) to each context.
d) all of the above is a way to create the renewal effect.
c.
ABC renewal procedure is said to take the context B for the extinction procedure. If context A is for the conditioning procedure, what is context C for?
Context C is a neutral context not associated in any way to either the conditioning or extinction procedure and is used to introduce the organism to the neutral context after the extinction procedure to see if the renewal effect can still be elicited.
What is the general conclusion we can determine with the ABC procedure?
The general conclusion is that conditioned responding reappears with any shift away from the context where extinction was conducted.
TRUE OR FALSE. Renewal effect is evident not just with external contextual cues but also contextual cues created by drug states. Thus, contextual control of extinction can also occur with interoceptive cues.
TRUE.
What is the relation between the renewal effect and memory?
a) Since the memory of extinction is specific to the cues that were present during the extinction phase, a shift away from the context of extinction encourages the retrieval of the memory of extinction thus increases the extinction performance.
b) Since the memory of extinction is specific to the cues that were present during the extinction phase, a shift away from the context of extinction disrupts the retrieval of the memory of extinction thus disrupts the extinction performance.
c) There is no relation between the renewal effect and memory
d) Since the memory of extinction is specific to the cues that were present during the extinction phase, a shift away from the context of extinction disrupts the retrieval of the memory of extinction thus increases the extinction performance.
b.
What are the implications of renewal effects in behavior therapy?
It suggests that even if a therapeutic procedure is effective in extinguishing a pathological fear or phobia in the relative safety of a therapist’s office, the conditioned fear may easily return when the client encounters the fear CS in a different context.
What is another problem of renewal effect?
a) renewal effect is occurs only in instrumental conditioning.
b) effects of excitatory conditioning does not readily generalize from one context to another.
c) effects of excitatory conditioning readily generalize from one context to another.
d) effects of inhibitory conditioning readily generalize from one context to another.
c.
What is reinstatement?
a) Recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when the individual encounters the US again.
b) Recovery of conditioned behavior that does not occurs when the individual encounter the US again.
c) Recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when the individual encounters the CS again.
d) Recovery of conditioned behavior that does not occur when the individual encounters the CS again.
a.
When I was young I had an aversion to fish because I got sick after eating fish on a trip but as I grew up, I lost my aversion as eating fish didn’t induce sickness. Recently, I ate fish and was sick. Now, it seems that my old aversion has come back. What am I exhibiting?
a) renewal effect
b) reinstatement effect
c) extinction
d) spontaneous recovery
b.
TRUE or FALSE. Much like in renewal effect the role of context is to disambiguate the significance of a stimulus that has a mixed history of conditioning and extinction.
TRUE.
If I condition lab rats to press a lever for small intravenous injections of cocaine and I decide to make the rats undergo extinction procedure then to see if the rats still know how to lever press, I give them a free injection of cocaine what kind of behavior can I expect to see in the rats?
Rapid resumption of the drug-reinforced instrumental behavior (lever pressing).
