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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of aphasia

A

a disturbance in the language system after language has been established or learned

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2
Q

Aphasia results from ___ injury to the ___-dominant hemisphere of the brain

A

neurological; language

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3
Q

true or false: Aphasia includes disturbances of either receptive or expressive abilities for spoken and written language

A

false - includes disturbances of receptive and/or expressive abilities

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4
Q

true or false: aphasia is an acquired disorder

A

true

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5
Q

what is the cause of most aphasias?

A

stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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6
Q

seven risk factors for a stroke

A
  1. Increased age
  2. Males are at greater risk than females
  3. African Americans are twice as likely to suffer a stroke as are European Americans
  4. Hypertension
  5. Diabetes
  6. Tobacco smoking
  7. Alcohol use
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7
Q

the classification system for aphasias

A

taxonomy

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8
Q

language deficits that differentiate aphasias

A

fluency

motor output

language comprehension

naming

repetition

reading and writing

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9
Q

four characteristics of non-fluent aphasia

A
  1. Short, choppy phrases
  2. Slow, labored production of speech
  3. Grammatical errors
  4. Telegraphic quality
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10
Q

Definition of Fluent aphasia

A

speech that flows well with adequate phrase length, but often the content of the language is affected

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11
Q

non-fluent aphasia correlates to injury ___ in the brain

A

anterior (frontal lobe)

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12
Q

fluent aphasia correlates with ___ brain damage

A

posterior (temporal-parietal regions)

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13
Q

Definition of motor speech disorder

A

when areas of the brain controlling motor planning and programming are injured

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14
Q

individuals with a motor speech disorder typically show what symptoms?

A

slow and labored articulation of sounds

some grouping of the articulators as they seek accurate placement

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15
Q

Definition of Receptive aphasia

A

aphasia characterized by language comprehension problems

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16
Q

what causes receptive aphasia?

A

posterior brain lesions, especially those in the temporal lobe

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17
Q

Definition of expressive aphasia

A

aphasia characterized by language production problems

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18
Q

what causes expressive aphasia?

A

anterior brain lesions, especially those in the frontal lobe

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19
Q

true or false: in some patients with aphasia, repetition skills are impaired even though spontaneous expression or comprehension is preserved

A

false - repetition skills are preserved, expression/comprehension is severely impaired

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20
Q

Definition of anomia

A

inability to retrieve a word; a word-finding problem

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21
Q

true or false: Nearly all people with aphasia have some anomia.

A

true

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22
Q

what is one of the most persistent deficits in aphasia?

A

Anomia

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23
Q

Definition of phonemic paraphasia/literal paraphasia

A

substitution or transposition of a sound

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24
Q

Definition of semantic paraphasia/verbal paraphasia

A

substitution of a word

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25
phonemic paraphasias are more prevalent in ___, ___ aphasias
non-fluent; expressive
26
semantic paraphasias are associated with ___ and ___ aphasias
fluent; receptive
27
true or false: reading and writing deficits parallel the verbal language deficits
true
28
what part of the brain does Broca's aphasia effect?
frontal lobe (posterior inferior region of the left hemisphere)
29
what classifications does Broca's aphasia posses?
``` non-fluent effortful articulation telegraphic speech short phrases impaired prosody apraxia of speech ```
30
what other aphasia is Broca's aphasia interchangeable with?
expressive aphasia
31
what part of the brain does global aphasia effect?
multiple lobes and diffuse lesions
32
what classifications does global aphasia posses?
``` non-fluent paraphasias short utterances good repetition difficulty initiating speech ```
33
what other aphasia is global aphasia interchangeable with?
both expressive and receptive aphasia
34
what part of the brain does Wernicke's aphasia effect?
temporal lobe (posterior portion of parietal lobe of the language-dominate hemisphere)
35
what classifications does Wernicke's aphasia posses?
fluent meaningless speech and jargon paraphasias naming difficulties
36
what other aphasia is Wernicke's aphasia interchangeable with?
receptive aphasia
37
five steps in aphasia assessment process
1. is it present 2. what type is indicated and where is the injury 3. treatment plan 4. prognosis 5. any referrals needed
38
Definition of spontaneous Recovery
natural, spontaneous healing of the brain without therapeutic interventions
39
true or false: assessment of aphasia is comprehensive but a one-time process
false - ongoing
40
Definition of prognostic indicators
variables that assist in predicting recovery: the site of the brain injury, the type and size of the injury, the type and the severity of aphasia, handedness, age, preinjury health, and motivation for treatment
41
true or false: prognostic indicators are used to specify treatment approaches, including the amount and the type of treatment
true
42
what is the treatment goal with apashia?
to correct or compensate for speech and language deficits so that individuals can communicate functionally in their daily routines
43
what should aphasia treatments focus on?
specific deficit areas identified in the evaluation and the underlying processes that produce these impairments
44
Definition of right Hemisphere Dysfunction (RHD)
when there is neurological damage to the right cerebral hemisphere affecting non language and behavioral functions
45
seven characteristics of RHD
Lack of awareness of cognitive-linguistic deficits Lack of awareness, or complete neglect, of the left side of the body Compromised pragmatics Tendencies toward using wordy expression Difficulty recognizing faces (prosopagnosia) Difficulty understanding or using higher level cognitive-linguistic skills Dysarthria or dysphagia
46
RHD requires further testing to determine what?
cognitive-linguistic profile
47
what does initial therapy for RHD target?
the management of attention and visual disruptions, since these impact productive treatment activities
48
Definition of TBI
neurological damage to the brain resulting' from the impact of external forces
49
Definition of stimulation (in recovery)
arousing the patient's responses to visual and auditory stimuli
50
what is the leading cause of death in the US?
TBI
51
are males or females more likely to suffer a TBI?
males, especially those of low socioeconomic background
52
Definition of open-head injuries
when the skull and the meninges have been penetrated; the neurological injuries tend to be focal
53
Definition of closed-head injuries
when the outer protection of the brain remains intact; the brain is jostled within the skull, yielding diffuse neurological injuries
54
four things TBIs effect
motivation emotions temperament self-awareness
55
when TBI patients are comatose and require advanced medical support to survive, what kind of observations are made?
subjective and behavioral
56
three steps in treatment of TBI
stimulation establish basic communication systems (verbal, gestural, or augmentative) facilitating independence
57
Definition of dementia
a chronic and progressive decline in memory, cognition, language, and personality resulting from central nervous system dysfunction
58
what is the leading cause of dementia?
Alzheimer's disease, 70% of cases
59
three defining traits of dementia
Memory impairment (both short- and long-term memory) cognitive skills impairment (abstract thought, judgment, and executive functions) Presence of aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia (inability to recognize objects, words, or sounds)
60
true or false: dementia must have a gradual onset with progressive functional decline over time
true
61
true or false: dementia results from psychological disturbances such as psychosis, schizophrenia, or delirium
false - it does not result from
62
five characteristics of mild dementia
forgetfulness decreased vocabulary, reduced or verbose communication, or anomia language comprehension is preserved pragmatics and social skills are well preserved motor function is intact
63
five characteristics of moderate dementia
the phase of most dramatic functional change increasingly disoriented in time and place poor attention and memory marked language difficulties Motor skills are still adequate for walking and eating, although restlessness and roaming are likely
64
four characteristics of severe dementia
extreme disorientation and minimal, if any, cognitive ability compromised language skills (repetition and jargon) severely impaired Comprehension skills Motor skills vary, but many individuals are wheelchair dependent and unable to control bladder and bowel functions
65
what does a SLP assess to identify dementia?
cognitive and linguistic skills in comparison to normal behaviors
66
treatment of mild and moderate dementia
compensation for deficits
67
treatment of severe dementia
management strategies

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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