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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of phonological disorder

A

impairment of speech-sound production that differs from age and culturally based norms

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2
Q

Definition of articulation disorder

A

inability to articulate certain speech sounds

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3
Q

Definition of cognates

A

two phonemes that differ by only one characteristic

e.g., /s/ & /z/

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4
Q

Definition of prevalence

A

the percentage of persons who have exhibited a disorder in their lifetime

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5
Q

Definition of incidence

A

the number of persons who develop a disorder within a specific period of time

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6
Q

true or false: prevalence is always a larger number than incidents

A

true

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7
Q

what is the percentage of prevalence of phonological disorders?

A

4%

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8
Q

true or false: girls are affected at higher rates than boys

A

false - boys are more affected

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9
Q

Definition of functional etiology

A

unknown cause

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10
Q

what percent of phonological disorder cases have functional etiology?

A

60%

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11
Q

what are known associations or phonological disorders?

A

otitis media (middle ear disorder)

developmental motor speech disorders

other developmental disorders, such as Down syndrome

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12
Q

Definition of surface representation

A

what we produce: articulation (in the mouth)

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13
Q

Definition of underlying representation

A

phonology (in the mind)

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14
Q

Definition of contrastiveness

A

Phonemes signal a contrast in meaning between two words in a language
(e.g., bat vs hat)

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15
Q

Definition of allophones

A

variations of a single phoneme

e.g., aspirated /p/ and unaspirated/pl

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16
Q

what does IPA stand for?

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

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17
Q

Definition of International Phonetic Alphabet

A

representation of each phoneme used in the world’s languages as a specific symbol; used in phonetic transcription

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18
Q

Definition of articulatory Phonetics

A

the classification of speech sounds which serves as a road map to what the articulators are doing when a phoneme is produced

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19
Q

letters that are produced with very little constriction against air flow

A

vowels

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20
Q

three articulatory characteristics of vowels

A

Height: how high the tongue is placed (high, mid, low)

Frontness: how far forward the tongue is placed (front, central, back)

Roundness: are the lips rounded? (rounded, unrounded)

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21
Q

letters that are produced with more constriction against the airflow

A

consonants

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22
Q

three articulatory characteristics of consonants

A

place of articulation: where in the vocal tract is the constriction? (bilabial, velar, etc.)

manner of articulation: how is the consonant produced? (stop, nasal, etc.)

voicing: are the vocal folds vibrating? (voiced, unvoiced) (/s/ vs /z/)

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23
Q

true or false: all children master phonemes in a predictable order at a predictable rate

A

false – normal children…

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24
Q

by what age are all English phonemes normally mastered?

A

8

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25
three levels of acquisition of consonants
Vowels single consonants consonant blends
26
Definition of co-articulation
sounds overlap one another during articulation | e.g., the /t/ of tea is produced with lips drawn back, but the /t/ of too is produced with lip rounding
27
Definition of assimilation
the features of one sound take on the features of neighboring sounds (e.g., the vowel in man is nasalized because of the influence of the nasal consonants around it)
28
Definition of alphabetic code
the relationship between the letters of the alphabet and the sounds they represent
29
Definition of grapheme-phoneme correspondence
the sound-symbol relationship
30
Definition of phonics
the instruction children receive to help them learn about sound-symbol relationships
31
Definition of phonological awareness
the child's awareness of how running speech can be broken into smaller phonological components, such as wards, syllables, phonemes
32
true or false: all vowels are voiced
true
33
true or false: reading is auditory
true
34
name two major indicators of a defective phonological system
inaccurate representations of individual phonemes or groups of phonemes ineffective organization of phonemes within the larger phonological system
35
four major symptoms associated with a faulty phonological system
Expressive Phonology Phonological Awareness Verbal Working Memory Word Learning and Word Retrieval
36
Definition of expressive Phonology
difficulties in producing specific speech sounds
37
Definition of phonological Awareness
a lack of sensitivity to the phonological units of spoken language
38
Definition of verbal Working Memory
difficulties processing and storing linguistic information, such as holding a sentence in working memory so that its meaning can be processed
39
Definition of Word Learning and Word Retrieval
problems accessing and retrieving words from the language system in which words are organized as phonological representations.
40
Definition of developmental phonological disorder
an impairment of the phonological system sufficient to impact speech intelligibility with onset prior to 9 years of age
41
Definition of non-developmental speech disorder
onset after 9 years of age, perhaps as a result of illness, trauma, or accident
42
Definition of speech difference
speech-sound distinctions attributable to linguistic or cultural factors
43
three descriptive subtypes of speech disorders
speech delay questionable residual errors residual errors
44
Definition of speech delay
children between 2 and 9 years with poor intelligibility and high frequency of errors in speech production
45
Definition of questionable residual errors
children between 6 and 9 years whose subtle errors do not affect intelligibility
46
Definition of residual errors
children older than 9 years who persist in making speech errors
47
five etiology subtypes of speech disorders
phonological disorder: unknown origin phonological disorder: otitis media with effusion phonological disorder: special populations motor speech disorders (and mild functional disorders) psychosocial involvement
48
defining characteristics of phonological Disorders of Unknown Origin
small phonemic inventory phoneme collapse persisting errors reduced intelligibility
49
Defining characteristics of phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion
phonemic inventory is small phonemic collapse persisting errors reduced intelligibility
50
four specific markers of phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion
delayed onset of babbling and meaningful speech reduced intelligibility use of nonnatural sound changes problems with specific classes of sounds
51
two causes and risk factors for phonological Disorder: Otitis Media with Effusion
under 3 yo poverty
52
three special populations
down syndrome hearing loss cleft palate
53
Defining characteristics of down syndrome
mental retardation heart defects hearing loss small oral cavity language delays
54
causes and risk factors of Down syndrome
results from a chromosomal abnormality and associated with high maternal age
55
Defining characteristics of hearing loss population
limited inventory of phonemes decreased intelligibility
56
causes and risk factors of hearing loss
many prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes
57
Defining characteristics of cleft palate
numerous speech errors -especially with consonants requiring build-up of oral air pressure (Ip/, /b/, etc.) nasal emission hypernasality
58
causes and risk factors of cleft palate
associated with 400 different syndromes
59
assessment process
referral screening assessment Diagnosis prognosis
60
list five comprehensive Phonological Assessment Activities
Caregiver interview and case history Oral mechanism screening Hearing screening Language screening/evaluation Phonological analysis
61
Definition of spontaneous speech sampling
record and analyze a representative sample of the child's speech
62
Definition of probing
used to determine stimulability for individual sounds
63
Definition of stimulability
how much and what kind of support is needed for the child to produce the sound correctly
64
what three things are needed to diagnose a phonological disorder?
the child's phonological system is developing at a rate sufficiently different from age-based expectations the phonological differences are not accounted for by cultural or linguistic factors such as dialect the phonological difference has an impact on the child's ability to effectively communicate for social or academic purposes
65
compare: articulatory therapy vs phonological therapy
teaching articulatory movements vs teaching phonological rules
66
three principles of phonologically oriented approaches
phonological processes or rules are treated efforts to enhance language and communication are included contrasts between phonemes are emphasized
67
three points to target selection
Target errors or patterns that most affect intelligibility Target sounds or patterns that are stimulable and not stimulable Follow developmental norms and select early-acquired sounds and patterns then select later-acquired sounds and patterns
68
Definition of short-term normalization
articulate speech is achieved before 6 years of age
69
Definition of long-term normalization
articulate speech is achieved after 6 years of age

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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