Chapter 7- Bones Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Central Portion (80), head and trunk
2
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
Extremeties (126), extremities and attachments
3
Q
Flat Bones
A
ribs, cranium
4
Q
Short Bones
A
tarsals, carpals
5
Q
Irregular Bones
A
vertebrae, facial
6
Q
Long Bones
A
arms, legs
7
Q
Diaphysis
A
long, narrow, shaft (body)
8
Q
Medullary Cavity
A
within diaphysis, has bone marrow within it
9
Q
Epiphysis
A
proximal and distal ends of long bones
10
Q
Compact Bone
A
hard and dense, main shaft of long bone and outer layer of other bones
11
Q
Haversian System or Osteon
A
Haversian canal, perforating (Volkmann canals)
12
Q
Spongy or Cancellous bones
A
Meshwork of small, bony plates, filled with red bone marrow- epiphysis of long bones and centers of other bones
13
Q
Red Marrow
A
ends of long bones and center of other bones, produce bone cells
14
Q
Yellow Marrow
A
Central cavities of long bones, fat
15
Q
Periosteum
A
Covers outside of bones, contains osteoblast, blood and lymph vessels, nerves
16
Q
Endosteum
A
Lines bone marrow cavity, contains cells for growth and repair
17
Q
Osteoblasts
A
build bone tissue (collagen and calcium salts)
18
Q
Osteoclasts
A
break down bone tissue (resorption)
19
Q
Osteocytes
A
maintain bone tissue (bone cells)
20
Q
Ossification
A
Conversion of cartilage to bone
21
Q
Long bone formation
A
epiphyseal plates at the end of long bones
22
Q
Bone tissue regulation
A
osteoclasts resorb bone tissue, osteoblasts and osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix, formation and resorption regulated by Vit D, calcitonin, PTH, sex hormones
23
Q
Formation of Long Bone
A
Cartilage begins to turn into bone (ossification
Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues
24
Q
Head
A
Rounded knoblike end
25
Process
large
26
Condyle
rounded
27
Crest
border or ridge
28
Spine
sharp
29
Foramen
hole for vessels or nerves
30
Sinus
air space
31
Fossa
depression
32
Meatus
short tunnel or passageway
33
Cranium (8)
Framework of the skull
34
Frontal bone
forehead, frontal sinuses and paranasal sinuses
35
Parietal (2)
top and sides
36
Temporal (2)
sides and base; mastoid sinuses, mastoid process, ear
37
Ethmoid
between eyes
38
Sphenoid
base of skull, sella turcia
39
Occipital bone
back and base, foramen magnum
40
Facial bones
14, framework of the skull
41
Mandible
lower jaw bone
42
Maxillae (2)
upper jaw bone, maxillary sinus
43
Zygomatic (2)
cheeks
44
Nasal bones (2)
bridge of nose
45
Lacrimal (2)
anterior, medial eye orbit
46
Vomer
nasal septum
47
Palatine (2)
back of hard palate
48
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
interior wall of nasal cavities
49
Other bones
ear ossicles, hyoid bone
50
Sutures
coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture
51
Vertebral column
framework of the trunk
52
Cervical (7)
neck
53
Atlas (1st)
nods head
54
Axis (2nd)
pivots head
55
Thoracic (12)
mostly inside ribcage
56
Lumbar (5)
lower back
57
Sacral/Coccygeal
tailbone
58
Ribs
12 total pair
59
True ribs
7 pair
60
False ribs
5 pair
61
Floating ribs
2 pair
62
Intercostal space
spaces between each rib
63
Sternum
breast bone; manubrium, body, sternal angle, xiphoid bone, clavicular notch
64
Shoulder girdle
clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
65
Humerus
arm bone; epicondyles and trochlea
66
Ulna
medial forearm; olecranon (point of elbow), trochlear notch (elbow)
67
Radius
lateral forearm; thumb side
68
Carpal bones
8; wrist
69
Metacarpal
5; palm
70
Phalanges
14; fingers
71
Pelvic bones
ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, obturator foramen
72
Femur (thigh)
greater and lesser trochanter; linea aspera
73
Patella
kneecap
74
Tibia (shin bone)
medial malleolus (ankle)
75
Fibula
lateral malleolus (ankle)
76
Tarsal bones
7; calcaneus or heel bone
77
Metatarsal bones
5; foot bones
78
Phalanges
14; toes
79
Osteoporosis
bones become fragile (spine, pelvis, long bones), postmenopausal osteoporosis most common *metabolic
80
Osteopenia
mild to moderate reduction in bone mass below normal *metabolic
81
Paget disease or osteitis deformans
excessive and abnormal osteoclast activity followed by excess osteoblast activity; increased bone mass, but bones weak deformed *metabolic
82
Osteomalacia
softening of bones due to lack of calcium salt formation, caused by Vit D deficiency, renal disorders, liver disease, some intestinal disorders *metabolic
83
Rickets
occurs in children as results of Vit D deficiency, skeleton remains soft and becomes distorted *metabolic
84
Osteosarcoma
young person's growing region (knee) *tumor
85
Chondrosarcoma
starts in cartilage, midlife *tumor
86
Metastasis from other sites
older people, most often to spine *tumor
87
Osteomyelitis
caused by pyogenic bacteria entering through blood, treat with antibiotics *infection
88
Tuberculosis
may spread to bones, (long bones)
Pott disease- TB of spine, vertebrae weaken and may collapse causing pain, deformity, pressure on spinal cord, treat with antibiotics *infection
89
Kyphosis
hunchback, thoracic curve (old women) *structural
90
Lordosis
swayback, lumbar curve (toddlers, pregnant women) *structural
91
Scoliosis
lateral curve of vertebral column, most common in girls, occurs during rapid growth, can compress organs *structural
92
Cleft palate
congenital deformity, opening in the roof of the mouth *structural
93
Flatfoot
curve of arch flattens due to weak tendons and ligaments in foots arch *structural
94
Closed
simple with no open wound *fracture
95
Open
protrudes through skin *fracture
96
Greenstick
one side broken, one side bent *fracture
97
Impacted
broken ends jammed into each other *fracture
98
Comminuted
multiple fractures, bone crushed, splintered *fracture
99
Spiral
bone twisted apart *fracture
100
Transverse
straight across *fracture
101
Oblique
angle *fracture
102
Synarthrosis
immovable; fibrous, no joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue between bones (sutures between skull bones)
103
Amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable; sometimes fibrous tissue, no joint cavity, between bones (pubic symphysis, joints between vertebral bodies)
104
Diarthrosis
freely moveable; joint cavity containing synovial fluid (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket)
105
Synovial joints
held together by ligaments
joint capsule encloses joint for strength and protection
bony surfaces protected by hyaline cartilage
bursae, fluid filled sacs, help ease movement over and around joints
fat
medial and lateral meniscus
106
Flexion
decrease angle between bones
107
Extension
increase angle between bones
108
Abduction
away from midline
109
Adduction
toward the midline
110
Circumduction
full circle (arm rotating)
111
Rotation
turning head (shaking head no)
112
Supination
palm up
113
Pronation
palm down
114
Inversion
sole inward
115
Eversion
sole outward
116
Dorsiflexion
toes up
117
Plantar flexion
toes down
118
Gliding joint
wrist and ankles
119
Hinge joint
elbow and knee joint
120
Pivot joint
joint between first and second cervical vertebrae
121
Condyloid joint
joint between the occipital bone of the skull and the first cervical vertebra and the joint between the metacarpal and the first phalanx of the finger
122
Saddle joint
joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb
123
Ball and Socket joint
shoulder joint and hip joint
124
Dislocation or derangement of joint
shoulder (most common) *mechanical-stress
125
Sprain
wrenching of joint with rupture or tearing of ligaments, possible injury of cartilage (knee) *mechanical
126
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa *mechanical
127
Olecranon bursitis
student's elbow
128
Ischial bursitis
taxicab drivers, truckers
129
Prepatellar bursitis
housemaid's knee
130
Subdeltoid or subacromial bursitis
shoulder
131
Bunions
development and inflammation of bursa on great toe
132
Herniated disk
central mass of vertebral disk slips through outer cartilaginous ring and into spinal canal
133
Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
normal wear and tear; influenced by obesity and trauma
| degeneration of cartilage with growth of new bone along edges
134
Rheumatoid arthritis
swelling due to inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes and other joint tissues
articular cartilage destroyed, adhesions develop, joints stiffen and become useless
possibly autoimmune with inherited susceptibility
135
Septic (infectious) arthritis
bacteria spread to joints usually through blood (strep, staph, and neisseria, TB)
136
Gout
```
metabolic disturbance (overproduction of uric acid or not excreted in urine)
uric acid crystals form and deposit around joints
most common is big toe
```
137
Bones (aging)
loss of calcium salts and collagen
bones weaken, more prone to injury
reduction in collagen
138
Joints (aging)
reduction in collagen leads to stiffness and decreased flexibility
thinning of articular cartilage and loss of synovial fluid may cause joint damage
139
Other (aging)
loss of muscle tissue; loss of height due to thinning of intervertebral disks; costal cartilage calcifies and becomes less flexible decreasing diameter of chest
