Chapters 9,10,11- Nervous System Flashcards
(243 cards)
1
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
brain and spinal cord
2
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
3
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
A
voluntary, effectors (skeletal muscles), no further subdivisions
4
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
A
involuntary, effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands), subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
5
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Neurons
A
functional cells of nervous system
highly specialized
unique structure
6
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Cell Body
A
nucleus and other organelles
7
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Cell Fibers
A
dendrites
axons
8
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Dendrites
A
carry impulses to cell body
9
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Axon
A
carry impulses away from cell body
10
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Myelinated
A
white matter
11
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Unmyelinated
A
gray matter
12
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Schwann cells
A
peripheral nervous system
13
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Oligodendrocytes
A
central nervous system
14
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Sensory neurons
A
afferent
conduct impulses to spinal cord, brain
15
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Motor neurons
A
efferent
conduct impulses to muscles, glands
16
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Interneurons
A
central or association neurons
conduct information within CNS
17
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Nerve
A
fiber bundle within PNS
18
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Tract
A
fiber bundle within CNS
19
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Endoneurium
A
around 1 fiber
20
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Perineurium
A
around fascicle
21
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Epineurium
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2 or more fascicles to form nerve
22
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Neuroglia or Glial Cells
A
Functions:
protect, support, and nourish nervous tissue
aid in cell repair
remove pathogens and impurities
regulation composition of fluids around cells
23
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Action Potential
A
membrane potential reverses, generates electrical charge
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Resting state
A
negative inside, positive outside
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Depolarization
Na+ enters the cell making it more positive inside
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Repolarization
K+ leaves the cell bringing the charges back to normal
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Synapse
junction point for transmitting nerve impulse from neuron to another cell
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Neurotransmitters
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norepinephrine
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
(help the impulse jump the synapse to the next neuron)
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Spinal Cord
links PNS to brain
helps coordinate impulses within CNS
contained in and protected by vertebrae
30
Cauda equina
"horses tail"
| where adult spinal cord stops (between 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae and looks like a tail of nerves)
31
Inner gray matter
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unmyelinated axons
dorsal horn (2)
ventral horn (2)
both connected by gray commissure
central canal
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Outer white matter
myelinated axons
posterior median sulcus- divides posterior
anterior median sulcus- divides anterior
ascending and descending tracts
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Ascending tracts
carry sensory impulses
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Descending tracts
carry motor impulses
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Spinal nerves
31 pairs
all mixed nerves
each nerve attached by 2 roots
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Dorsal root
sensory
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Ventral root
motor
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Cervical plexus
neck (M,S) and head (S)
| phrenic nerve- diaphragm
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Brachial plexus
shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, hand
| radial nerve
40
Lumbosacral plexus
pelvis and legs
| sciatic nerve- nearly 1" thick at start
41
Dermatomes
regions of skin
42
Spinal reflex
simple reflex passes through spinal cord, but not brain
43
Stretch reflex
stretched muscles responds by contracting (knee-jerk reflex)
44
Autonomic nervous system (function)
regulates the action of glands, smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels, and heart muscle
45
ANS (structure)
preganglionic neuron connects spinal cord to ganglion
| postganglionic neuron connect ganglion to effector
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ANS (division)
sympathetic nervous system
| parasympathetic nervous system
47
Sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
adrenergic system
- activated by adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
- Four E's: excitement, emergency, embarrassment, exercise
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Parasympathetic nervous system
returns body back to normal
cholinergic system
- activated by acetylcholine
- SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation
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Lumbar puncture
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spinal tap
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removed for testing
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50
Drug administration
anesthetic (epidural)
| pain medication
51
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
myelin sheath is damaged and neuron fibers degenerate slowing conduction and disrupting communication *women more than men
52
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig)
motor neurons destroyed causing muscle atrophy and loss of muscle control
53
Poliomyelitis
viral disease of nervous system, polio virus starts to infect nervous system
54
Tumors
nerve sheaths, meninges, neuroglia
55
Injuries
wounds, fracture, dislocation of vertebrae, herniation of intervertebral disks, tumors, paralysis
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Monoplegia
one limb
57
Diplegia
both upper or lower
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Paraplegia
both lower
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Hemiplegia
one side
60
Tetraplegia
all four limbs, quadriplegia
61
Neuropathy
any disease of nerves
62
Neuritis
inflammation of nerves
63
Carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of median nerve by carpal neves (repetitive hand actions)
64
Morton neuroma
tarsals and metatarsals compress plantar nerve (women in heels)
65
Sciatica
compression of sciatic nerve or contributing spinal nerves L3-L5 or S1-S3, herniated disk, bone spurs
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
autoimmune disorder, impacts myelin coating of PNS
67
Cerebrum (description)
largest and most superior portion of the brain
| divided into two hemispheres; each subdivided into lobes
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Cerebrum (functions)
cortex (outer layer) is site for conscious thought, memory, reasoning, and abstract mental functions, all localized within specific lobes
69
Diencephalon (description)
between the cerebrum and brainstem
| contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
70
Thalamus
sorts sensory impulses
| redirects sensory impulses within cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis, controls the ANS and pituitary gland
| influences heartbeat, blood flow, and hormone secretion
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Brainstem (divisions)
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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Brainstem
anterior region below the cerebrum
| connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
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Midbrain
below center of the cerebrum
| has reflex centers concerned with vision and hearing
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Pons
anterior to the cerebellum
| connects the cerebrum with lower portions of the brain, helps to regulate respiration
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Medulla oblongata
between the pons and spinal cord
| links the brain with spinal cord, centers for control of vital functions
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Cerebellum (little brain)
coordinates voluntary muscles, maintains balance and muscle tone
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Meninges
layers of connective tissue
79
Dura mater
outermost, thickest, toughest
two layers
- dural sinus: drainage of blood from brain tissue
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Arachnoid
weblike allows for movement of CSF between membranes
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Pia mater
holds blood vessels to supply O2 and nutrients
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock
carries nutrients to cells
transports waste products from cells
produced in ventricles (4)
returns to blood through arachnoid villi
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Choroid plexus
forms CSF by filtering blood and cellular secretions
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Lateral ventricles (2)
horns in cerebrum
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Interventricular foramina
connects lateral with 3rd
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Cerebral aqueduct
connects with 3rd and 4th
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Cerebral hemispheres
divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
each hemisphere divided into 5 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula)
outer layer of nervous tissues called cortex
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Cortex
arranged into folds
Gyri- raised
Sulci- grooves
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Corpus callosum
bridges cerebral hemispheres
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Frontal lobe
motor area- conscious control of skeletal muscles
| speech centers
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Parietal lobe
sensory area- impulses from skin (touch, pain, temperature)
| estimation of distances, sizes, shapes
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Temporal lobe
auditory and speech comprehension areas- receives and interprets impulses from ear
olfactory area- smell
93
Occipital lobe
visual receiving area
| visual association area
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Auditory receiving
detects sounds from environment
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Auditory association
interprets sounds
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Speech comprehension
Wernickes Area
| speech recognition and meaning of words
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Motor speech
Broca Area
| tongue, soft palate, larynx
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Visual areas
visual language images receiving
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Short-term memory
information lost unless reinforces
100
Long-term memory
rehearsal (repetition)
| alertness
101
Brain Stem
connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
| composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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Midbrain
superior part of brain stem
four masses form superior part of midbrain
houses reflexes involving eyes and ears
conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord
cranial nerves III and IV
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Pons
connecting link between cerebellum and rest of nervous system
some reflexes involving respiration
cranial nerves V and VIII
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Respiratory center
medulla
| controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals and stimuli
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Cardiac center
medulla
| regulates rate and force of heartbeat
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Vasomotor center
medulla
| contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessels, blood flow and blood pressure
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Contralateral control
opposite side of brain controls opposite side of body
right brain-left body
left brain-right body
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Cerebellum (3 parts)
vermis- middle
left hemisphere
right hemisphere
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Cerebellum (functions)
help coordinate voluntary muscles
help maintain balance
help maintain muscle tone
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Limbic system
between the cerebrum and diencephalon
involved in emotional states, behavior
involved in learning, long-term memory
stimulates reticular formation (consciousness)
links functions of the cerebral cortex and brain stem
111
Electroencephalograph
record electric currents given off by brain nerve cells
- study sleep patterns
- diagnose disease
- locate tumors
- study drug effects
- determine brain death
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Seizure
abnormal electrical activity in brain
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Epilepsy
recurrent seizures
114
Meningitis
inflammation of meninges
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Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
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Hydrocephalus
abnormal CSF accumulation within the brain
more common in infants than adults
results in increased pressure and brain damage
treat with creation of shunt
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Stroke or CVA
most common brain disorder
caused by blood clot that blocks blood flow or rupture of vessel resulting in cerebral hemorrhage
restore blood flow to affected area
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Aphasia
loss or defect in language communication
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Tumors
more common in young and middle aged adults
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Gliomas
originate from neuroglia
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Epidural hematoma
between dura mater and skull
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Subdural hematoma
in subdural space- tear in wall of dural sinus
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Intracerebral hematoma
in brain tissue
124
Cerebral concussion (MTBI)
mild traumatic brain injury, transient alteration of brain function
125
Cerebral palsy
brain damage before or during birth
126
Alzheimer disease
unexplained degeneration of cerebral cortex and hippocampus
127
Multi-infarct dementia
accumulation of brain damage resulting from chronic ischemia (lack of blood supply)
128
Parkinson disease
progressive neurological condition characterized by tremors, rigidity of limbs and joints, slow movement, impaired balance
treat with L-dopa, enters brain and converts to dopamine
129
Huntington disorder
neuron death resulting in uncontrollable jerky, writhing movement
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Cranial nerves
12 pairs
except for first 2, all arise from brain stem
first 9 pairs and 12th pair supply head
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Special sensory impulses
smell, taste, vision, hearing
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General sensory impulses
pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle sense, pressure, vibrations
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Somatic motor impulses
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
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Visceral motor impulses
involuntary control of glands and involuntary muscles
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Olfactory
carries impulses for the sense of smell toward the brain
136
Optic
carries visual impulses from eye to brain
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Oculomotor
controls contraction of eye muscles
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Trochlear
supples one eyeball muscle
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Trigeminal
carries sensory impulses from eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw toward brain
140
Abducens
controls and eyeball muscle
141
Facial
controls facial expression; carries sensation of taste; stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) glands
142
Vestibulocochlear
carries sensory impulses for hearing and equilibrium from inner ear toward brain
143
Glossopharyngeal
carries sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx (throat); controls swallowing muscles and stimulates parotid salivary gland
144
Vagus
supplies most of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to larynx (voice box) and pharynx
145
Accessory
controls muscles in neck and larynx
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Hypoglossal
controls muscles of tongue
147
Sensory system
detects internal and external environmental changes
- environmental change (stimulus) initiates nerve impulse
- stimulus interpreted by cerebral cortex
- sensation experienced
148
Sensory receptors
classified based on structure or stimulus
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Free dendrite
pain, temp
150
Modified ending or end organ
touch
151
Specialized cell
rods and cones in eye
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Chemoreceptors
chemicals, dissolved in solution
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Photoreceptors
light, rods and cones
154
Thermoreceptors
heat
155
Mechanoreceptors
movement
156
Special senses
localized in special sense organ
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Vision
eye
158
Hearing
internal ear
159
Equilibrium
internal ear
160
Taste
tongue
161
Smell
upper nasal cavities
162
General senses
widely distributed throughout body
163
Skin and internal organs
pressure, temperature, pain, touch
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Position
muscles, tendons, joints
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Sensory adaptation
- occurs when receptors are exposed to continuous stimulus
- some receptors can adjust themselves so sensation becomes less acute
- receptors adapt at different rates
- pain receptors do not adapt
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Eye cavity bones
bony orbit
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Eye lids
lubricate eye, keep out harmful materials
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Eyelashes and eyebrow
keep foreign material out
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Conjunctiva
produce mucus to aid in lubrication
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Lacrimal glands
tears lubricate eye and contain enzymes to protect against infection, wash away foreign materials
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Muscles of the eye
adjusts eye so retina receives clear image
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Extrinsic muscles (6)
- outer surface of the eyeball
- voluntary
- allow for convergence- both eyes focus on same field, 3D
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Sensory
- optic nerve (cranial nerve II), carry visual impulses
| - ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), general sensory
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Motor
- oculomotor (cranial nerve III)
- trochlear (cranial nerve IV)
- abducens (cranial nerve VI)
175
Fibrous
sclera (white of the eye): tough connective tissue
| cornea: transparent, curves forward
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Vascular
choroid: vascular, melanin directs light
ciliary muscle: intrinsic, controls shape
suspensory ligaments
iris: colored ring-like portion, opens and closes to control light
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Nervous (retina)
rods and cones: sends impulses to the brain
178
Fovea centralis
greatest number of receptors
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Cornea
main refractive structure
no blood vessels; nourished by fluids washing over it
bulges forward slightly
180
Aqueous humor
watery fluid that fills eyeball in front of lens
| constantly produced and drained from eye
181
Crystalline lens
biconvex, circular structure made of elastic material
| adjusts thickness for near or far vision
182
Vitreous body
soft jellylike material fill eyeball behind lens
| maintain shape of eye as well as refracts light
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Intrinsic muscles
involuntary within the eyeball
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Iris
colored, pigmented part
| regulates amount of light entering the eye through pupil
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Ciliary muscle
holds lens in place by means of suspensory ligaments
| allow for accommodation- changes in shape of lens to control far and near vision
186
Presbyopia
lens loses elasticity with age, difficult to accommodate for distance
187
Rods
- function in dim light (dark adaptation)
- shades of gray
- blurred images
- periphery of retina
- rhodopsin: deficiency results in night blindness (required for rods to work)
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Cones
- function in bright light
- color sensitive: red, green, blue
- sharp images
- retinal central near optic nerve: fovea centralis
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Steps in vision
- light refracts
- muscles of the iris adjust the pupil
- ciliary muscle adjusts the lens (accommodation)
- extrinsic eye muscles produce convergence
- light stimulates retinal receptor cells (rods and cones)
- optic nerve transmits impulses to brain
- occipital lobe cortex interprets impulses
190
Hyperopia
farsightedness
- eyeball too short
- convex lenses for correction
191
Myopia
nearsightedness
- eyeball too long or cornea bends light too sharply
- concave lenses for correction
192
Astigmatism
blurred vision
- irregularity in curvature of cornea or lens
- surgery, corrective lenses
193
Strabismus
eyes do not work together
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Convergent strabismus
eye deviates toward nasal side or medial
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Divergent strabismus
eye deviates laterally
196
Amblyopia
loss of vision in healthy eye because it doesn't work well with other eye
- treat with eye exercises, eye glasses, patching of good eye
197
Conjunctivitis
pink eye, contagious
198
Inclusion conjunctivitis
caused by chlamydia trachomatis- trachoma
| treat with antibiotics or may lead to blindness
199
Ophthalmia neonatorum
acute eye infection of newborn caused by organisms acquired during passage through birth canal
treat with antibiotics
200
Injuries to eye
- laceration or scratch of cornea by foreign body
| - penetration of deeper structures may result in enucleation or removal of eyeball
201
Cataract
- opacity (cloudiness) of the lens or lens' outer covering
| - surgically remove lens and replace with artificial lens
202
Glaucoma
- excess pressure of the aqueous humor due to interference with normal reentry into bloodstream
- common type progresses slowly
- can cause destruction of optic nerve fibers
- treat with medications to reduce pressure
203
Diabetic retinopathy
retina damaged by blood vessel hemorrhages and growth of new vessels
204
Retinal detachment
retina separates from choroid layer as result of trauma or accumulation of fluid of tissue between layers
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Macular degeneration
changes in macula lutea distort center of visual field
- accumulation of materials on retina
- abnormal blood vessel growth under retina
206
Ear
sense organ for hearing and equilibrium
- outer ear
- middle ear
- inner ear
207
Pinna (auricle)
outer ear
| - directs sound waves into ear
208
External auditory canal (meatus)
outer ear
| - ceruminous glands produce cerumen or ear wax (1st part of canal)
209
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
outer ear
| - vibrates as sound wave enters ear
210
Middle ear
cavity contains ossicles (small bones) that amplify sound waves and transmit sounds to inner ear
211
Malleus
hammer- attached to tympanic membrane
212
Incus
anvil
213
Stapes
stirrup- in contact with inner ear
214
Eustachian tube
- connects middle ear cavity with throat (pharynx)
- allows pressure to equalize on both sides of tympanic membrane
- continuous mucous membrane from pharynx to middle ear cavity
215
Inner Ear
bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth
| transduces sound waves into nerve impulses
216
Bony labyrinth
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, perilymph fluid fills all 3 divisions
217
Membranous labyrinth
exact replica of bony labyrinth
| filled with endolymph fluid
218
Vestibule
two bony chambers contain receptors for equilibrium
219
Semicircular canals
three tubes contain receptors for equilibrium
220
Cochlea
small shell receptors for hearing
221
Organ of corti
ciliated receptor cells located inside membranous cochlea or cochlear duct
cilia move back and forth against tectorial membrane which send impulses to cochlear nerve
222
Equilibrium
ciliated equilibrium sensory receptors are located in vestibule and semicircular canals
- as head moves cilic shift position in surrounding thick fluid generating nerve impulse
223
Static equlilibrium
straight line
maculae receptors: hair cells are embedded in otolithic membrane
otoliths fluid
vestibule
224
Dynamic equilibrium
spinning or moving in different directions
cristae receptors: hair cells embedded in bubble called cupula
base of semicircular canals
225
Otitis media
infection and inflammation of middle ear cavity
226
Myringotomy
cutting tympanic membrane to relieve pressure
227
Tympanostomy tube
allows pressure to equalize and reduces damage to eardrum
228
Otitis externa
inflammation of external auditory canal
| swimmer's ear
229
Deafness
complete hearing loss
230
Conductive hearing loss
interference with passage of sound waves from outside to inner ear- wax, foreign object
damage to tympanic membrane and ossicles as result of chronic otitis media
231
Otosclerosis
hereditary bone disorder prevents normal vibration of stapes
232
Sensorineural hearing loss
involves cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, or brain
prolonged exposure to loud noises, certain drugs, infections, toxins
cochlear implant
233
Presbycusis
atrophy of sensory receptors and cochlear nerve fibers with aging
234
Vertigo
sensation of spinning or that the environment is spinning
dizziness or light-headedness
inflammation of the inner ear, displacement of the otoliths
*fluid in semicircular canals keeps moving even though you've stopped
235
Gustation (taste)
taste receptors (taste buds) stimulated by substances (chemicals) dissolved in solution or fluids
influenced by smell
nerves include facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)
236
Olfaction (smell)
smell receptors in upper nasal cavity
- stimulated by substances (chemicals) in solution in nasal fluids
- smells stimulate appetite and flow of digestive juices
olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)
237
General senses
receptors scattered throughout the body sense
| - touch, pressure, heat, cold, position, pain
238
Tactile corpuscles
sense of touch
- found mostly in dermis of skin and around hair follicles
- sensitivity varies with the number of receptors
- baroreceptors in walls of large arteries monitor BP and trigger responses that control BP as vessels stretch
239
Sense of pressure
receptors for deep touch located
- in subcutaneous tissue
- near joints, muscles, and other deep tissues
240
Sense of temperature
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temperature receptors
- are free nerve endings
- are widely distributed in the skin
- are separate for heat and cold
- occur in hypothalamus in brain
(help to adjust body temperature according to temperature of circulating blood)
```
241
Sense of position
proprioceptors (position receptors)
- are located in muscles, tendons, joints
- relay impulses of body parts in relation to each other
- send impulses to the cerebellum for coordination
242
Pain receptors
are free nerve endings
| are found in skin, muscles, joints and (to a lesser extent) most internal organs
243
Pain relief
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analgesic drugs
anesthetics
endorphins
heat or cold
relaxation or distraction techniques
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