Chapter 7 Cardiovascular Control Flashcards by Chad Romano

At what point does the blood become oxygenated?

When it comes into the lungs from the Pulmonary artery and goes to the left atrium through the Pulmonary vein.

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When the blood leaves the aorta in which order does blood travel to the muscle and back?
Number in order from 1-5.

____ Capillaries
____ Veins
____ Arterioles
____ Arteries
____ Venules

3
5
2
1
4

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What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart?

Pulmonary Artery

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What is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood to the heart?

Pulmonary Vein

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What are the three functions of the Sinoatrial Node?

Initiates signal, set heart rate to 100 bpm (natural sinus rhythm), contraction in the atria.

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What sets the hearts normal rhythm and at what speed?

The sinoartial node, 100bpm

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What is the order of the cardiac conduction system?

Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers

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What is the function of the Atrioventricular node?

Delays signal to allow the ventricles to fill.

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What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?

Causes contraction in the ventricles

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What is cardiac autoconduction and the other name that it is also referred to as?

How the heart controls it’s own rhythm, Intrinsic control of heart rate.

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Fill in the blanks.

In diastole, the ventricles are _________ and ________ while the atrias are __________ and ___________.

relax, filling, contracting, emptying

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Fill in the blanks.
In systole, the ventricles are ___________ and _________ while the atrias are ___________ and __________.

contracting, emptying, relax, filling

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What is the cardiac cycle and the two components of it?

Everything that occurs within one heart beat.
Diastole and Systole

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What is extrinsic control of heartrate?

When something externally is acting on the SA node to either slow it down below 100 bpm or speed it up above 100 bpm.

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What extrinsic control that acts on the sinoatrial node slows down heart rate and explain why?

The parasympathetic nervous system. An increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity leads to high vagal tone lowering heart rate.

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What extrinsic control that acts on the sinoatrial node speeds up heart rate and explain why?

The sympathetic nervous system. An increase in sympathetic nervous activity leads to an increase in sympathetic cardiac nerve activity and increase in epinephrine speeds up heart rate.

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If the resting heart rate at 60bpm increases to 100bpm what is causing that to happen?

A decrease in parasympathetic nervous system activity and decrease in vagal tone.

If the heart rate right after working out is at 200bpm and gradually lowers to 100bpm what is causing that to happen?

A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity, sympathetic cardiac nerve, and epinephrine.

What is the effector of heart rate and stroke volume?

Heart rate: Sinoatrial node
Stroke Volume: Left ventricle myocardium

What is stroke volume and its formula?

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle per contraction/beat

SV = EDV - SDV

What is End-diastolic volume? (EDV)

The amount of blood at the end of diastole.

What is End-systolic volume? (ESV)

The amount of blood at the end of systole.

What is cardiac output and its formula?

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle per minute.

Q = HR x SV

What is ejection fraction and its formula?

The percentage of blood pumped from the left ventricle per contraction/beat.

EF = SV/EDV x 100

What is blood pressure and its formula?

The force of blood hitting against the wall, BP = Q x PR BP = HR x SV x (length x viscosity)/ Radius^4

What is peripheral resistance?

The resistance your heart has to work against.

What blood vessels are responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

Aterioles

Explain how an increase in exercise intensity affects heart rate and blood pressure.

Increase exercise intensity leads to increase sympathetic nervous system activity that increases both the sympathetic cardiac nerve and secretion of epinephrine acting on the Sinoatrial node increasing heart rate and blood pressure. There is also a decrease in parasympathetic nervous system activity and low vagal tone that leads to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

Explain how an increase in exercise intensity affects stroke volume and blood pressure.

An increase in exercise intensity leads increase in sympathetic nervous system, increasing epinephrine secretion that increases the left ventricle myocardium contraction strength increasing stroke volume and blood pressure.

Explain how an increase in exercise intensity affects peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

An increase in exercise intensity leads to increase in sympathetic nervous system activity resulting in an increased secretion of epinephrine that causes increased vasoconstriction of the aterioles reducing the radius of the blood vessel increasing PR and blood pressure. An increase in exercise intensity leads to increase in sympathetic nervous system activity resulting in an increased secretion of epinephrine causing increased vasodilation of vessels near skin, increasing sweat and lowering plasma volume resulting in lowered total blood volume causing an increase in hematocrit. This increases viscosity of blood increasing PR and blood pressure.

What is extrinsic control of blood flow?

Epinephrine acting on aterioles to cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation in vessels near skin for thermoregulation.

True or false Vasodilation is always passive.

False. The only exception is vessels near the skin.

True or false Vasoconstriction is always active.

True

What is intrinsic control of blood flow?

Ateriole autoregulation caused by chemoreceptors triggering vasodilation due to local conditions at active muscles.

What are the local conditions that chemoreceptors detect?

Increased lactic acid, increase hydrogen, decrease blood ph, decrease oxygen, increase CO2, and increase in temperature.

What is cardiovascular drift and how does it happen?

An increase in heartrate without an increase in exercise intensity. Happens in prolonged exercise in an hot environment.

Explain why heartrate increases in cardiovascular drift relating to epinephrine and vasodilation.

Causes increased sweating which lowers plasma volume and total blood volume. Therefore, end-diastolic volume lowers resulting in decreased stroke volume. So to maintain cardiac output heartrate increases to compensate for a decrease stroke volume.

In blood composition what are the two components and what do form together?

Plasma and formed elements Total blood volume

How do you calculate hematocrit?

(formed elements/ total blood volume) x 100

What are the three venous return mechanisms?

Skeletal muscle pumps, respiratory pump, and vasoconstriction

Explain how the three venous return mechanisms increase venous return.

Contraction of skeletal muscle pumps cause constriction pushing blood back up to the body through one-way valves. The compression of diaphragm moving up and down leads blood back up to the heart. Increased constriction causes more forceful return of blood back to the heart.

Explain how active recovery helps clear lactic acid.

The contraction of slow-twitch fibers allow lactate dehydrogenase to turn lactic acid back into pyruvate sending it into the aerobic pathway.