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Biology 224 > Chapter 7, Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, Secondary Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 7, Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, Secondary Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

___________ and ______ were added to CO2 to produce Carbohydrates during photosynthesis

A

Energy (ATP) and Electron (NADPH)

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2
Q

Formula for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6 H2O

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3
Q

The breakdown of glucose is _______

A

catabolic

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4
Q

Delta G = _______ which would make it ________

A

-686 kcal/mol, exergonic

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5
Q

Since it is the complete opposite of photosynthesis, this is technically a ________ reaction

A

reversable

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6
Q

This reaction only occurs in the presence of _______

A

oxygen

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7
Q

The first step in the breaking down of glucose for energy is _________

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the _______

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

During glycolysis…

A

glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate

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10
Q

Glycolysis produces…(PER GLUCOSE)

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADPH
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11
Q

NADPH is an __________ ________

A

electron carrier

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12
Q

Next, pyruvate is transported from the ___________ to the …

A

cytoplasm, matrix of the mitochondria

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13
Q

In the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted into…

A

Acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

Except for glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the krebs cycle takes place in…

oxidative phosphorylation takes place in…

A

mitochondrial matrix

mitochondria inner membrane

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15
Q

____________ is produced per one pyruvate

A

one CO2

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16
Q

Then, _______ _______ breaks Acetyl-CoA to….

A

Krebs Cycle, CO2 and electrons (NADH and FADH2)

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17
Q

This process is _______ ______ to release the energy to make ATP molecules

A

breaking bonds

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18
Q

Finally, energy in electrons of _________ and ________ converted

A

NADP and FADH2

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19
Q

Energy converted to the energy of _____ by ________ _______

A

ATP. electron transport

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20
Q

Another name for electron transport

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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21
Q

When you make ATP with electron transport and ATP synthase, always …

A

chemiosmosis

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22
Q

Chemiosmosis makes ___-____ ATP

A

30-34

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23
Q

(#1) Glycolysis converts _______ to ________

A

glucose to pyruvate

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24
Q

(#1) _______ is only place that has the ability to perform glycolysis

A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

(#1) First half of glycolysis is

A

endergonic (energy requiring)

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26
Q

(#1) In the first half of glycolysis…

A

2 ATP are added to glucose converting it to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate, which is split into two molecules of G3P

Start with glucose, end with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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27
Q

(#1) Second half of glycolysis is

A

exergonic (energy releasing)

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28
Q

(#1) In the second half of glycolysis…

A

The two G3P are converted to two molecules of pyruvate, producing 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Start with two G3P, ends with 2 pyruvate

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29
Q

Essentially, G3P is being ______ forming NADH, and then dephosphorylated, forming ____

A

oxidized, ATP

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30
Q

(#1) Substrate level phosphorylation is basically…

A

making ATP without pumping H+ ions and without ATP synthase, NO CHEMIOSMOSIS

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31
Q

(#1) In substrate level phosphorylation…

A

high energy phosphates transferred directly from substrate (like PEP) to ADP

makes ATP without chemiosmosis

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32
Q

(#1) End product of Glycolysis

A

From EACH glucose:
- 2 Pyruvate
- 4 ATP (2 NET)
- 2 NADH

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33
Q

(#1) Energy yield of glycolysis

A

Net 2 ATP because of substrate level phosphorylation

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34
Q

(#1) _____________ is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

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35
Q

(#1) ___ is the non competitive inhibitor in glycolysis

A

ATP

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36
Q

(#1) ATP is produced in the ______ steps of glycolysis

A

very last

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37
Q

(#1)Possible fates of pyruvate from glycolysis

A
  • aerobic respiration
  • anaerobic pathways
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38
Q

(#1) Aerobic Reparation relationship to pyruvate

A

if oxygen and krebs cylce are present, complete oxidation of pyruvate occurs to CO2 and water

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39
Q

(#1) Anaerobic pathways relationship to pyruvate

A

if oxygen or krebs cycle are NOT present, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to a waste product and discarded

40
Q

(#2) Pyruvate Oxidation is when

A

pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA using 3 reactions by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

41
Q

(#2) pyruvate passes through ________ and _________ to ________

A

inner and outer, extracellular matrix

42
Q

(#2) The 3 reactions/steps to pyruvate oxidation are…

A
  • decarboxylated-splitting off CO2 (break off one carbon, released as CO2)
  • Oxidized - passing electrons to NAD+ (pyruvate gives off electrons, NAD+ accepts them, becomes NADPH carries the electrons)
  • Remaining 2-Carbon compound (acetate) is added to CoA making Acetyl-CoA
43
Q

(#2) Citric acid (krebs) cycle is when …

A

8 enzymes convert Acetyl-CoA to CO2 and NADH

44
Q

(#2) Krebs enzymes all occur in..

A

mitochondrial matrix

45
Q

(#2) Part of krebs cycle, decarboxylation …

A

removes 2 CO2 per Acetyl CoA

46
Q

(#2) Part of krebs cycle, oxidation…

A

pass electrons to NAD+, then get passed to FAD

47
Q

(#2) Substrate level Phosphorylation…

A

uses energy from rearranging succinyl CoA to succinate to add a PO4- to ADP, making it ATP

48
Q

Electron yield so far per glucose

A
  • 2 NADH from glycolysis
  • 2 NADH from pyruvate oxidation
  • 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 from krebs cycle
49
Q

(#2) in mammals and humans, _______ __________ is the rate limiting enzyme in krebs cycle

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

50
Q

(#2) Both _______ and _______ as as non competitive inhibitors in krebs cycle

A

NADH, ATP

51
Q

(#3) Last step in cellular respiration is

A

Respiratory chain, respiratory electron transport

52
Q

(#3) Electron transport takes place in…

A

cytochromes, located in inner mitochondrial membranes, forming respiratory enzyme complexes

53
Q

(#3) first step in electron transport

A

NADH passes electrons to NADH dehydrogenase

54
Q

(#3) In the Respiratory electron chain…

A
  • H+ ions released by NADH
  • NAD+ being regenerated ( to go back to earlier steps)
55
Q

(#3) second step in electron transport is

A

-NADH dehydrogenase passes electrons to ubiquinone and pumps H+ to intermembrane space
- ubiquinone also accepts electrons from FADH2 (by way of succinate reductase
- ubiquinone does not accept protons/H+ (these are pumped from matrix to intermembrane space by other links in chain)

56
Q

(#3) third step in electron transport

A

ubiquinone passes electrons to cytochrome b-c

57
Q

(#3) fourth step in electron transport

A

cytochrome b-c passes electrons to cytochrome c and pumps H+ to intermediate space

cytochrome c does not accept protons/H+, these are pumped from matrix to intermembrane space

58
Q

(#3) fifth step in electron transport

A

cytochrome c passes electrons to cytochrome oxidase

59
Q

(#3) sixth step in electron transport

A

cytochrome oxidase passes electrons to oxygen AND pumps H+ to intermembrane space

60
Q

(#3) oxygen is the…

A

FINAL electron acceptor, oxygen with electrons combines with protons (H+) to form water

61
Q

(#3) Chemiosmotic theory in electron transport…

A

as NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c, and cytochrome oxidase pass electrons they also pass hydrogen ions from matrix to intermembrane space

this establishes electrochemical gradient

62
Q

(#3) These H+ ions…

A

diffuse back into matrix through ATP Synthase making ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation

63
Q

ATP Synthase is…

A
  • multimeric protein
  • has base embedded in mitochondrial membrane, rotating shaft, stationery head
  • same as photosynthesis
64
Q

ATP synthase, shaft rotates as H+ ions pass between…

A

a and c subunits in base, this 120 degree rotation causes conformational changes in head

65
Q

In first conformation…

A

beta subunit binds ADP and phosphate

66
Q

Second conformation

A

ADP and phosphate forced together, making ATP

67
Q

Third conformation…

A

ATP is released

68
Q

Metabolic water…

A

water produced comes from oxygen, electrons that originally came from carbohydrates, and H+ ions

water produced metabolically

69
Q

With oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration, _____ ATP (max) made for every glucose broken down

A

30-34

70
Q

Could be less yield because…

A

NADH and FADH2 can be used for other reactions (glycerol and lactic acid synthesis)

71
Q

(#3) In Aerobic Respiration (electron transport) _______ _______ is noncompetative inhibitor

A

Cytochrome Oxidase

72
Q

Other carbohydrates other than glucose that can be broken down include

A

starch and glycogen

73
Q

When starch and glycogen are broken down…

A

digested to glucose subunits with enter process at glycolysis

74
Q

Fructose is…

A

converted to G3P which enters glycolysis

75
Q

Lactose is…

A

converted to Glucose and Galactose (which is converted to Glucose 1-Phosphate which enters glycolysis

76
Q

Proteins are…(2)

A

digested to amino acid subunits

deamination (amino groups removed) to organic acids (which enter pyruvate oxidation or krebs cycle)

77
Q

Organic acids formed by deaminating amino acids are either..

A

the organic acid intermediates of pyruvate oxidation/krebs cycle OR easily converted into them

78
Q

Lipids (triglycerides) are digested to

A

glycerol and fatty acids

79
Q

Glycerol goes into…

A

glycolysis

80
Q

Fatty Acids…

A

are split into Acetyl Groups which enter krebs cycle

81
Q

_______ and __________ have about equal energy yeild

A

protein and carbs

82
Q

______ have about ___ the energy yield of either a protein or a carbohydrate

A

lipids, 2x

83
Q

Aerobic respiration is _____ without oxygen

A

impossible

84
Q

Lactic acid fermentation is

A

anaerobic

85
Q

Lactic acid fermentation is when

A

pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to from lactate

but NADH is also oxidized back to NAD+

86
Q

Ethanol Fermentation is

A

anaerobic

87
Q

ethanol fermentation is when

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde, which is reduced using NADH to ethanol

but again oxidizing NADH back to NAD+

88
Q

Purpose of fermentation

A

must convert NADH back to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

89
Q

Yield of fermentation

A

2 net ATP per glucose (glycolysis)

90
Q

Anaerobic respiration occurs in organisms like

A

bacteria

91
Q

In anaerobic respiration there is no…

A

cytochrome oxidase in inner mitochondrial membrane

92
Q

instead they produce…

A

nitrate reductase

93
Q

Nitrate reductase is…

A

inserted into cytoplasmic/cell membrane and functions in place of cytochrome oxidase to accept electrons from cytochrome b, reducing nitrate to nitrite

94
Q

Both _______ and _________ pump H+ ions…

A

NADH Dehydrogenase and Ubiquinone pump H+ ions from cytoplasm into periplasmic space

95
Q

periplasmic space is

A

space between membrane and cell wall

96
Q

These H+ ions being pumped…

A

flow back through ATP Synthase to make ATP, but without O2 as electron acceptor,

97
Q

Uses ____ as acceptor instead

A

nitrate (NO3-)

Biology 224 (18 decks)

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