FINAL EXAM

Question 1

______ and _______ do not show all biological characteristics of life

Answer 1

viruses, prions

Question 2

3 domains are…

Answer 2

Archea
Bacteria
Eukarya
- Protista
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Plantae

Question 3

Taxonomy classifications are after Domains…

Answer 3

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 4

Compound is ______ whereas a molecule is _________

Answer 4

compound consists of two or more DIFFERENT molecules

molecule is two of the same

Question 5

Chemical bonds strenth (strongest to weakest)

Answer 5

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Hydrophobic interactions
Van-der-waals interactions

Question 6

Electronegative atoms are ____ and not electronegative atoms are___

Answer 6

Electronegative: O,N,S
Not electronegative: H,C

Question 7

Hydrogen bonds only occur with

Answer 7

polar molecules

Question 8

Van der waals interaction

Answer 8

atoms with nonpolar covalent bonds sometimes exhibit random charge, and these charges if close enough attracted to each other

Question 9

Polar molecules are _______ and nonpolar molecules are ________

Answer 9

polar = hydrophilic
nonpolar = hydrophobic

Question 10

Hydrophobic interaction

Answer 10

hydrophobic molecules in water tend to draw together because of mutual hatred of polar water

Question 11

calculation of grams using MW, L, M, equation is

Answer 11

MW x L x M = g

Question 12

Acids are…..bases are…

Answer 12

acids = proton (H+) donors
bases = proton (H+) acceptors

Question 13

increasing H+ ion concentration…

Answer 13

decreases pH, because more H+ means more acidic

Question 14

Decreasing H+ ion concentration…

Answer 14

increases pH, less H+ ions so more basic, basic is accepting H+ and getting rid of them so theres less

Question 15

functional groups are

Answer 15

groups of atoms COVALENTLY bonded to a group of carbon skeletons

Question 16

AMINO GROUP

Answer 16

• NH2
• full (+)
• polar
• functions as base

amino acids, nitrogenous bases

Question 17

CARBOXYL GROUP

Answer 17

• COOH
• full (-)
• polar
• (Carbonyl and Hydroxyl group)

acids/organic acids (proton donors)

Question 18

PHOSPHATE GROUP

Answer 18

• PO4
• full (-)
• polar

nucleic acids, some carbs

Question 19

SULFATE GROUP

Answer 19

• SO4
• full (-)
• polar

carbs, proteins, lipids

Question 20

CARBONYL GROUPS

Answer 20

• CO
• partial (-)(+)
• polar

aldehyde = terminal end (glucose)
ketone = internal/middle (fructose)

carbohydrates

Question 21

HYDROXYL GROUPS

Answer 21

• OH
• partial (-)(+)
• polar

alcohols

Question 22

METHYL GROUPS

Answer 22

• CH3
• nonpolar

organic molecules

Question 23

SULFHYDRAL GROUP

Answer 23

• SH
• nonpolar

thiols, two amino acids, 3D shape of organic molecules (proteins forming disulfide bridge)

Question 24

isomer

Answer 24

same molecular formula, different arrangment

Question 25

Carbohydrates

Answer 25

one carbonyl, many hydroxyl

sometimes phosphate

short term energy storage, structural units

Question 26

Lipids

Answer 26

nonpolar, mostly hydrogens attached to C chain

saturated = single bonds, straight
unsaturated = 1+ double bonds, bent

glycerol = 3C + Hydroxyl on each

triglycerides = long term energy storage

Question 27

Proteins

Answer 27

Amino, carboxyl, R group, H

receptors, antibodies, storage, structural, transport

primary = linear amino acids
secondary = repeated amino+carboxyl (H)
tertiary = 3D peptide shape (all bonds)
quarternary = 3D overall protein (all but covalent)

Question 28

Nucleic Acids

Answer 28

pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base