Chapter 7 Living in Multicultural Worlds Flashcards

Question

What are some experimental evidences for frame-switching?

Answer 1

Biculturals have been investigated to see whether of cultural ideas lead them to switch between different cultural thinking styles 研究人员对双文化人进行了调查，以了解文化观念的 primes是否会导致他们在不同的文化思维方式之间进行转换 Students from Hong Kong were shown images that were either neutral, or primed Western ideas, or Chinese ideas They were asked why is the front fish swimming ahead of the others? Is it something about the fish (internal attribution) or about the school (external). 他们被问到，为什么前面的鱼会游在其他鱼的前面？是与鱼有关（内部归因）还是与学校有关（外部归因） internal ( 这条鱼自身的原因） external (这只鱼的处境） Internal attributions are more commonly made among Westerners, and external attributions are more commonly made among non-Westerners.西方人更常做出内部归因，而非西方人则更常做出外部归因 Result: Those who saw American primes were the least likely to explain the fish’s behavior in terms of the group of fish.看到美国原型的人最不可能用鱼群来解释鱼的行为。 Those who saw Chinese primes were the most likely to explain the fish’s behavior in terms of the group of fish.而看到中文预设的人则最有可能从鱼群的角度来解释鱼的行为。 Hong Kong participants have access to both Western and non-Western ways of making sense of the fish’s behavior, and which one they use depends on which cultural context has been activated for them.香港的参与者可以同时使用西方和非西方的方法来解释鱼的行为，他们使用哪种方法取决于他们在哪个prime

Answer 2

In particular, the language of the study appears to effectively prime different cultural thoughts among bilinguals. When bilinguals switch languages they also appear to be switching their self-concepts as well.当双语者转换语言时，他们似乎也在转换自我概念 These studies raise the question of whether biculturals are the only ones who show frame-switching.这些研究提出了一个问题：是否只有双文化人表现出框架转换？ no Indeed, much research finds that priming ideas in anyone, monocultural or multicultural, leads to the activation of associated networks. However, multicultural people show more pronounced 明显frame-switching 事实上, 无论是单一文化还是多元文化背景的人，对任何人的想法进行引申都会导致相关网络的激活

Answer 3

Migrants: people who move from a heritage culture to a host culture - Sojourners寄居者 include those who intend to stay temporarily - Immigrants those who intend to stay permanently Culture adjustment pattern - Honeymoon stage enjoy their new experience in the new environment keeps the tourism industry in business - Culture shock (Crisis stage) is the feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable, and generally disoriented and homesick on moving to a new culture new experiences become tiring and difficult realize their language skills are not yet good enough migrants just don’t have enough lcoal knowledge or understanding to fully participate in the conversations 开始怀念以前国内的一切他们热爱的东西 - Adjustment stage adjust and began to enjoy their experiences more with time, people become increasingly competent at functioning in their new culture take years of this adjustment process - Reverse culture shock Sojourners can go through the same adjustment stages after they return to their home country 在回国后发现自己不适应家乡文化 (和记忆里的不一样） but this model not apply to all the situations some people do not have honeymoon stage

Answer 4

Migrants can be accommodated（被接纳） A feature of host culture that helps the adjustment of newcomers America example: most ethnically diverse nations people can adjust to US culture more easily Japan example: relatively ethnically homogenous Trying to adjust as a migrant to a homogenous society would seem to be inherently more challenging L-shaped curve had the honeymoon and crisis stages but did not include an adjustment stage （生活五年和一年一样消极）

Answer 5

CULTURAL DISTANCE: - difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life. - more culture distance more hard to learn new culture Language ability is one of the best predictors of acculturation success the easier it is for migrants to learn the language of their host culture, the better they should fare in the acculturation process source of data (TOEFL) The ease with which people learn English is influenced by how distant their mother tongue is from English, and thus how much new learning is involved Dutch (100), Japanese (70) Ability to master many skills Experiment of acculturation success and overall cultural distance migrants must cove 马来西亚的学生比更容易适应新加坡而不是新西兰的文化因为马来西亚的文化和新加坡文化更加接近 Adaptation 不代表离开祖国 Inside country example （殖民势力强加的文化） Tsimshian people → highly complex social stratified settlements long before they had any contact with Europeans Carrier → middle closeness to Canadian culture Eastern Cree → some of the bands are migratory and have low sociocultural stratification Acculturative stress → Eastern Cree > Carrier > Tsimshian people cultural distance predicts how difficult acculturation experiences can be

Answer 6

CULTURAL FIT the degree to which an individual’s personality is compatible with the dominant values of the host culture Extervated people high on extraversion are more likely to move to other countries Countries with more immigrants should thus be expected to have disproportionate numbers of people with personality traits, such as extraversion * Extraversion does not always facilitate acculturation e.g. 内向的人更好适应新加坡的文化 people who have emotional patterns more similar to those of the host culture experience greater relational well-being Acculturation in university: American universities have relatively independent norms first generation students are more likely to be from a working-class background with interdependent culture → more acculturative stress (大学independent norm了）

Answer 7

Two points of success of anyone’s acculturation experience: - whether people attempt to participate in the larger society of their host culture - whether people strive to maintain their own heritage culture and identity as members of that culture 1. Integration strategy The strategy that involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture 2. Marginalization strategy the strategy that involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture or to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture 3. Assimilation strategy involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture 4. Separation strategy involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture, while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture Most common strategies people use is integration, least common is marginalization, assimilation and separation falls in between

Answer 8

if host culture 当地文化对你的文化群体展示出来偏见→ more less likely to be fit into the host culture physically distinct ethnic groups → more prejudice + negative attitudes toward the host culture + actively support collective efforts to benefit their group’s social position （集体努力提高自己的地位） Low SES or indigenous people → pursue separation or marginalization strategies How much host culture value cultural diversity and tolerate cultural differences predict immigrant's experience of prejudice - Salad bowl model(multicultural model) the distinct qualities of immigrant cultures are maintained - Melting pot model (assimilationist model) The most successful strategy is integration resulting in the lowest level of acculturative stress Least successful one is marginalization

Answer 9

immigrant paradox: children of immigrants have a variety of negative outcomes 这是自相矛盾的，因为与移民父母相比，移民子女的文化适应或同化程度更高 Obesity as an example 在美国呆的越久越容易变胖，吸烟，和不良行为 Acculturating individuals can fare worse over time. 在新奥尔良的越南移民中，他们在学校的表现越好，他们的upwardly mobile就越高，他们的违法行为越少，他们就越难融入更广泛的社区 Immigrants tend to have a stronger motivation to do well at school compared to children of immigrants, who have become more acculturated to local norms 与移民子女相比，移民往往有更强的动力在学校取得好成绩，因为移民子女更适应当地的规范 not all cultural habits lead to positive outcomes

Answer 10

questioning one’s culture identity because they are not recognized as matching the prototype of the host culture is perceived to not really be from the host culture and being asked “where are you really from?” Experiment: How Asian American deal with identity denial 当他们被质疑美国人的身份后，他们do better in listing 美国电视节目和美国习惯compared with those who were not confronted with identity-denying statements 被denial的亚裔美国人也点更多的美国食物（汉堡牛排），认为这更加符合host culture The identity denied Asian Americans wished to publicly affirm their American identity

Answer 11

the fear of behaving in a way that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group.担心自己的行为会无意中证实对本群体的负面刻板印象 realize they risk confirming a negative stereotype → experience stereotype threat → end up proving the stereotype 非洲人被认为智力低，导致他们顶着刻板印象，他们就会脑海浮现“黑人”“失败者”，internalize然后发挥失常 Physcial influence blood pressure increases working memory capacity decreases

Answer 12

GRE experiment Condition 1: Candidates are not required to choose their race Conditions : Candidates are required to choose their race before test Result Americans who had to check race had significantly lower GRE scores because their stereotypical influence was activated Stereotype threat generalizes broadly to virtually all groups with negative stereotypes Stereotype threat and positive associations Condition1: control conditions Condition2: Ss watch animations with images of Native Americans Result the Ss who look at the animations →elicit stereotype, lower self-esteem, less pride in their community, and fewer achievement goals any stereotyped portrayals can greatly influence the way others perceive them as a cultural group （尽管是好的，也能引起stereotype threat) Stereotype makes acculturation more difficult for disadvantaged minorities. solution: simply to learn about its existence. remain optimistic that these stereotype will someday be reduced Benefit of being distinctive group well-defined cultural identity are more likely to have a strong sense of loyalty group membership becomes an important source of self-esteem and meaning in their lives 白人异性恋男的就没有这种独特的身份认同感，因为很普遍，但是作为独特的群体就更加有忠诚

Answer 13

Blending The tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics in between those of their two cultures 思维方式介于两种文化的中间，不中不西的 Evidence for Blending Influence on self-esteem experiment 通常在加拿大，人们接触到的文化信息侧重于他们的优势，而在日本，人们接触到的信息侧重于他们的劣势测量人们到另一个文化后几天和七个月的区别： Japanese exchange students come to Canada with higher self-esteem Canadian female teacher who went to teach in Japan had lower self-esteem how long to acculturate to the norms of a host culture？ Experient 2: 比较七种人群，从从未出国的日本人到European加拿大人发现了明显的coorelation：The longer those of Asian descent had spent participating in North American culture, the higher their self-esteem score it takes about three generations to get that level 需要三代人的省时间才能完全接近加拿大人的自尊（尽管七个月就很明显了）东亚人可能比欧洲移民需要更多时间去适应加拿大，因为文化distance更远 it’s unclear whether different psychological processes acculturate at the same rate

Answer 14

Alternating between different cultural selves develop divergent selves that can be selectively activated by different cultural contexts Evidence for Frame-Switching 在不同的文化环境下有着不同的文化自我，可以同时掌握两个 Language speaking different language depend on the context Code-switching inner city african american children understand在学校和街头该如何切换norm Switching language lead to frame-switching bilingual Chinese Canadians and Hong Kong students were far more likely to describe themselves in positive terms when answering questionnaires in English than when answering in Chinese Evidence for two existing culture identity Experiment: 当他们认为演讲是在庆祝非裔美国毕业生的背景下时，学生们比那些认为演讲是在庆祝特定专业毕业生（例如政治学毕业生）的背景下写的更多相互依存的主题。people who experienced varied culture could be led to think in ways that are more consistent with the primed culture.

Answer 15

美国文化activate network of independence, confidence, freedom, and individual right Leading fish experiment (308) Background Chinese → external attribution → situational factors cause people to act a certain way American → internal attributions → personality factors cause people to act a certain way Sample Hongkong students (中西文化都接触） Conditions see American prime see Chinese prime neutral Result Student see America primes → explained the fish’s behavior less in terms of the group’s influence than those in a neutral prime condition activated chinese cultural knowledge network Student see Chinese primes → explained the fish’s behavior more in terms of the group influencing it than those in the neutral prime condition The Hong Kong Chinese were capable of explaining the fish’s behavior in either the typically American or the typically Chinese way. They switched cultural frames of reference, depending on which cultural information network was activated.

Answer 16

Depends on their degrees of bicultural identity integration the extent to which bicultural people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other.双文化人在多大程度上认为他们的两种文化身份是相互兼容或相互对立的认为文化是兼容的人更加用frame swtich 认为只能认同一种的话更低 high integration → 将两种文化融入到生活中 → better frame switch low intergration → 必须选择一种身份以移民相比，在北美出生的bicultural PEOPLE用switch frame更常见 Another primes lead to frame switching is language 当人们在看到自己heritage文化标志的时候，这会干扰他们学习host culture语言的能力，因为语言被自己的文化机会了影响了他们的思维方式 think more like host culture

Answer 17

Tennis Experiment (background) The Chinese believe that not losing a game is more important than success (prevention) The American believes that win the game is more important than not losing the game (promotion orientation) 测试prime美国人思考他们互相依赖，会不会focus on prevention study Americans under personal competition conditions → success Americans under team competition conditions → not loss 因为interdependent tthoughts were primed and activated Result This is because of situated cognition, some least common ideas are still present within American culture, just need to activate associated with interdependence. Even monocultural people can probably be primed to think in ways that are similar to other cultures if those ways of thinking are sometimes present in their own minds

Answer 18

people who traveled with their expatriate parents and spend large parts of their years living in place outside their heritage culture (global nomads) Feeling of culture homeless Culture shock experience it because their experiences in their host culture are at odds(不一致） with their heritage cultural identity report having reverse culture shock when they return to their parents’ heritage culture sense of being a minority wherever they go (hard to fit in) their acculturation process → marginalization strategy tend to be less ethnocentric （民主为中心）和父母关系很好 score lower on measures of prejudice

Answer 19

Creativity and multicultural experiment People who had lived in more than one culture were more likely to come up with outside-the-box creative solutions to a problem than those who had lived in only one culture High creative insights, see things with different perspective children raised with multiple language perform better in perspective-taking task 但是不包括旅游，因为不需要适应 Integrative complexity - Definition: A willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue 在新文化呆了十个月后得分更高 Experiencing life in unfamiliar cultures fosters this way of thinking Contributed to the enhanced performance by multiculturals on creativity tasks 也有可能创造力的人本身对适应新的文化更感兴趣（bidirectional) and openness predicts creativity Multicultural experience cause increasing creativity (Experiment) three conditons adapting to life in another culture (ready for it) observing another culture neutral condition 让他们去创造一个外星生物 Result only the people who adjusted to the new culture are more creative

Answer 20

a curvilinear relationship between the number of countries a creative director had lived in (breadth) and the ratings of his or her creative innovations 不是越多越好，2个似乎是最好的 nearly linear relationship between the amount of time they had lived abroad (depth) and the ratings of their creative innovations the longer the time, the higher the creativity 一个地方住得越长越好 a curvilinear relationship between cultural distance and creativity people who are moderately different from each other were rated as the most creative 不是越远越好

Answer 21

oral relativism 多元文化产生的负面结果 the belief that what is right or wrong is not absolute; it depends on different cultural factors People who had visited multiple cultures were more likely to score higher on a measure of moral relativism, and were also more likely to act immorally (cheating on a lab task for a possible financial reward)

Answer 22

d. have a separation acculturation strategy In addition, people with physical features that distinguish them from the majority in the host culture will probably face more prejudice than people whose physical features let them blend in. Therefore, physically distinct ethnic groups are more likely to maintain negative attitudes toward the host culture and pursue separation or marginalization strategies