chapter 7 memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

ability to store and retrieve information

Question 2

stages of memory

Answer 2

encoding, storage, consolidation, and retrieval

Question 3

explicit memory

Answer 3

includes the processes we use to remember information we can say we know

Question 4

semantic memory

Answer 4

facts/general knowledge, type of explicit memory

Question 5

episodic memory

Answer 5

memory for ones past experiences that are identified by a time and place, type of explicit memory

Question 6

implicit memory

Answer 6

unconscious/unintentional, expressed through responses, actions, or reactions

Question 7

procedural memory

Answer 7

skills or habits, type of implicit memory

Question 8

priming

Answer 8

facilitation of a response to a stimulus based on past experience with that stimulus or related stimulus

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

temporary memory system closely tied to the sensory systems, very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form

Question 10

iconic and echoic memory

Answer 10

iconic-visual sensory memory
echoic-auditory sensory memory

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

a limited capacity cognitive system that temporarily stores and manipulates information for current use

Question 12

memory span

Answer 12

the idea that 7 +/- 2 items can be held in working memory at a time

Question 13

chunking

Answer 13

the process of breaking down information into meaningful units, helps increase amount of information held in working memory

Question 14

long term memory

Answer 14

the storage of information that lasts from minutes to forever

Question 15

serial position effect

Answer 15

items presented early or late in the list are remembered better than those in the middle

Question 16

primacy effects

Answer 16

items listed first in the list are most likely to be remembered

Question 17

recency effects

Answer 17

items listed last in the list are more likely to be remembered

Question 18

levels of processing model

Answer 18

the more deeply an item is encoded and the more meaning it has, the better it is remembered

Question 19

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 19

simply repeating the item over and over

Question 20

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 20

encoding the information in more meaningful ways than just repeating

Question 21

schemas

Answer 21

cognitive structures in semantic memory that help us perceive, organize, understand, and use information

Question 22

networks of association

Question 23

mnemonics

Answer 23

learning aids or strategies to improve memory

Question 24

methods of loci

Answer 24

the mnemonic strategy of associating items you want to remember with physical locations

Question 25

consolidation and reconsolidation

Answer 25

the gradual processing of memory storage in the brain reconsolidation- the restorage of memory after retrieval

Question 26

prospective memory

Answer 26

involves remembering to do something at some future time

Question 27

retrieval cue

Answer 27

anything that helps a person recall a memory, can lead us to intentionally search for memories (like when cued with a question while taking an exam)

Question 28

retrieval induced forgetting

Answer 28

when retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs the ability to recall a related item in the future

Question 29

encoding specificity principle

Answer 29

any stimulus encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience

Question 30

context-dependent memory

Answer 30

the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

Question 31

state dependent memory

Answer 31

memory can be enhanced when a person's internal states match during encoding and recall

Question 32

proactive interference

Answer 32

old information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Question 33

retroactive interference

Answer 33

new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

Question 34

blocking

Answer 34

a person is temporarily unable to remember something

Question 35

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 35

people experience great frustration as they try to recall specific, somewhat obscure words

Question 36

absentmindedness

Answer 36

shallow encoding events caused by failing to pay attention

Question 37

amnesia

Answer 37

inability to retrieve vast quantities of information from memory as a result of brain injury or psychological trauma

Question 38

retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

Answer 38

retrograde-unable to remember anything before the incident anterograde- inability to form new memories after the incident

Question 39

persistence (relevance to PTSD)

Answer 39

unwanted memories are despite the desire not to have them

Question 40

memory bias

Answer 40

the changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs, knowledge, or attitudes

Question 41

source misattribution

Answer 41

occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

Question 42

source amnesia

Answer 42

a form of misattribution that occurs when people have a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered the information

Question 43

cryptomania

Answer 43

people think they have come up with a new idea, instead they have retrieved an old idea from memory and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

Question 44

suggestibility

Answer 44

developing biased memories when provided with misleading information

Question 45

false memories

Answer 45

people are mislead into recalling or recognizing events that did not happen

Question 46

flashbulb memories

Answer 46

vivid memories of the circumstances in which people first learn of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event

Question 47

problems with eyewitness testimony

Answer 47

people tend to remember evidence that confirms their beliefs

Question 48

the Hebbian rule

Answer 48

a synapse is strengthened if it is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires -neurons that fire together, wire together

Question 49

synaptic plasticity

Answer 49

ability of neurons to modify the strength of their connection, to strengthen or weaken over time

Question 50

NMDA receptor

Answer 50

responds only when large amounts of glutamate are available in the synapse and when the postsynaptic neuron is sufficiently depolarized

Question 51

morris water maze

Answer 51

environmental cues in room provide info that permits animals to orient themselves in space and learn the location of a hidden platform, rats who had been hipoocampectomized take much longer to find the hidden platform than rats with hippocampus

Question 52

doogie mice

Answer 52

mice that had enhanced NMDA receptors, mice had great memory and skill learning

Question 53

medial temporal lobes and the hippocampus

Answer 53

holds ability to encode new long term memories

Question 54

henry molaison

Answer 54

had medial temporal lobes/hippocampus removed, resulted in anterograde amnesia, supported the theory of multiple systems of memory located throughout the brain

Question 55

clive wearing

Answer 55

had a medial temporal lobe lesion due to an infection, had profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 56

encoding

Answer 56

the process by which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into a memory

Question 57

long-tern potentiation

Answer 57

the strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by the presynaptic neurons serves as a model to how neural plasticity might underlie long term memory