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psych 201: midterm 1, chapter 1 > CHAPTER 8 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and comprehension through thoughts and experiences

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2
Q

thinking

A

the mental manipulation of the gathered knowledge of the world

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3
Q

analogical representations

A

mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent
- usually images, ex) a family tree depicts the relationships between relatives

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4
Q

symbolic representations

A

abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas
- usually words, numbers, or ideas ex) the word violin stands for a musical instrument but has no correspondence to what a violin looks like or sounds like

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5
Q

categorizations

A

grouping things based on shared properties, reduces the amount of knowledge we must hold in memory

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6
Q

prototype model

A

a way of thinking about concepts: within each category, there is a best example- a prototype- for that category, base all other objects based on similarity to the prototype

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7
Q

exemplar model

A

a way of thinking about concepts: all members of a category are examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership, the definition of the category is made up of all the members of the group

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8
Q

schemas

A

schemas help us perceive, organize, understand, and process information

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9
Q

stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups

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10
Q

gender roles

A

prescribed behaviors for female and males within a culture, unconscious schema that is potentially problematic

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11
Q

scripts

A

is a schema that directs behavior over time within a situation

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12
Q

decision making

A

a cognitive process that results in the selection of a course of action or belief from several options

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13
Q

normative decision theory

A
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14
Q

utility

A
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15
Q

expected utility theory

A
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16
Q

descriptive utility theory

A
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17
Q

confirmation bias

A

focusing only on information that supports already held beliefs and ignoring information that doesnt match

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18
Q

hindsight bias

A

when events turn out contrary to expectation, people create after the fact explanations

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19
Q

anchoring

A

the tendency, in making judgements, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind

20
Q

framing

A

in decision making, an emphasis on the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative

21
Q

availability heuristic

A

making a decision based on the answer that comes most easily to mind

22
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

the tendency to place a person or object in a category if the person or object is similar to our prototype for this category

23
Q

affective heuristic

A
24
Q

affective forecasting

A

the tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future

25
Q

problem solving

A

finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

26
Q

subgoals

A

breaking the problem into smaller objectives

27
Q

restructuring

A

a new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution

28
Q

functional fixedness

A

in problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects

29
Q

algorithm

A

a guideline that if followed correctly, will always yield the correct answer

30
Q

working backward

A

proceeding the goal state to the initial state when the appropriate steps for solving a problem are not clear

31
Q

insight

A

the sudden realization of a solution to a problem

32
Q

paradox of choice

A

the idea that many people are unsatisfied with their decision when there are many options to choose from

33
Q

maximizers vs satisficers

A

maximizers- seek to identify the perfect choice among a set of options
satisficers- seek to find a “good enough” choice that meets minimum requirements

34
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental changes

35
Q

psychometric approach

A

focuses on how people perform on standardized tests that asses mental abilities

36
Q

aptitude and achievement tests

A

achievement- asses current levels of skills
aptitude- attempt to predict what tasks people would be good at in the future

37
Q

mental age

A

an assessment of a childs intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with the average score for children of each chronological age

38
Q

intelligence quotient

A

an index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the childs chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100

39
Q

normal distribution

A

IQ scores form a bell curve, most people are right around the average, and fewer and fewer people at the extremes

40
Q

general intellience (g)

A

the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

41
Q

fluid vs crystallized intelligence

A

fluid- the ability to understand abstract relationships and think logically without prior knowledge
crystallized- involves knowledge acquired through experience and using it to solve problems

42
Q

multiple intelligences

A

the idea that more than one type of intelligence exists

43
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Sternberg (1999), three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. makes intuitive sense but some criticize the lack of evidence

44
Q

analytical intelligence

A

being good at problem solving, completing analogies, and figuring out puzzles

45
Q

creative intelligence

A

ability to gain insight and solve novel problems, to think in new and interesting ways

46
Q

practical intelligence

A

dealing with everyday tasks

47
Q

emotional intelligence

A

a form of social intelligence that emphasizes managing, recognizing, and understanding emotions and using them to guide appropriate thought and action

psych 201: midterm 1, chapter 1 (4 decks)

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