psych 201: chapter 6 learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience

Question 2

nonassociative learning

Answer 2

learning to adjust responses to a repeated stimulus

Question 3

habituation

Answer 3

a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 4

sensitization

Answer 4

when our behavioral response to a stimulus increases

Question 5

associative learning

Answer 5

learning about the link between two stimuli or events that go togerther

Question 6

social learning

Answer 6

acquiring behaviors and predictive association between stimuli or events through interactions with others

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus

Question 8

neutral stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that is not associated with an action

Question 9

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning

Question 10

unconditioned response

Answer 10

a response that does not have to be taught, such as a reflex

Question 11

conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken pace

Question 12

conditioned response

Answer 12

response that occurs when only the conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 13

acquisition

Answer 13

formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

the extinguished conditioned stimulus again produces a conditioned response

Question 16

stimulus generalization

Answer 16

when stimuli similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

Question 17

stimulus discrimination

Answer 17

occurs when a person learns to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not

Question 18

second-order conditioning

Answer 18

value of money- we don’t value green paper, we value the rewards that the presence of money brings

Question 19

John Watson and little Albert

Answer 19

watson conditions child to be afraid of a bunny because watson played a loud noise with every presentation of the bunny

Question 20

phobias and fear conditioning

Answer 20

phobia- acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation
fear conditioning- a type of classical conditioning that turns neutral stimuli into threatening stimuli

Question 21

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 21

association with food and sickness even if the food is not what caused the sickness

Question 22

Rescorla-Wagner model

Answer 22

some potential conditioned stimulus are better than others. for learning to take place, the conditioned stimulus should come before the unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

positive and negative prediction error

Answer 23

positive- a stimulus predicts a reward that was more valuable than expected
negative-reward is less than anticipated

Question 24

operant conditioning

Answer 24

association of a voluntary action and a consequence

Question 25

law of effect

Answer 25

any behavior that leads to "a satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again

Question 26

behaviorism

Answer 26

emphasized environmental effects on observable behaviors

Question 27

BF Skinner

Answer 27

famous behaviorist, known for operant chamber with rats

Question 28

operant chamber

Answer 28

rats learn that hitting lever resulting in a reward

Question 29

continuous vs partial reinforcement

Answer 29

continuous- reinforcing a behavior each time it occurs (fast learning) partial-intermittent reinforcement of behavior

Question 30

fixed vs variable schedule

Answer 30

fixed-partial reinforcement on a predictable schedule variable-partial reinforcement on an unpredictable schedule

Question 31

partial reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 31

the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

Question 32

shaping

Answer 32

a process of operant conditioning, it involved reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

Question 33

primary vs secondary reinforcers

Answer 33

primary- stimuli that act as reinforcers that are necessary for survival, they satisfy biological needs secondary-stimuli that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs (compliment, money)

Question 34

premack principle

Answer 34

do undesirable task first to get desirable stimulus (clean room before going out)

Question 35

immediate vs delayed reinforcement

Answer 35

the timing between the action and reinforcement/punishment can predict the effectiveness of the conditioning, the longer the delay=the worse the learning

Question 36

temporal discounting

Answer 36

when the value of a reward diminishes over time

Question 37

loses disguised as wins

Answer 37

payouts smaller than the original bet are revealed just like wins

Question 38

near misses

Answer 38

displayed with higher probability than chance alone would cause, nucleus accumbens responds to near miss and win the same way

Question 39

latent learning

Answer 39

learning without rewards

Question 40

social learning

Answer 40

children can learn basic skills by watching adults perform them, observation and instruction

Question 41

modeling

Answer 41

imitation of observed behavior

Question 42

vicarious learning

Answer 42

learning whether or not to engage in a behavior after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action

Question 43

instructional learning

Answer 43

learning associations and behaviors through verbal communication

Question 44

intracranial self-stimulation

Answer 44

rats press a lever to self-administer electrical stimulation to the reward centers of the brain, stimulation is so rewarding that they will do it to the point of exhaustion

Question 45

nucleus accumbens

Answer 45

pleasure/reward center, dopamine is given here

Question 46

dopamine

Answer 46

neurotransmitter associated with rewards

Question 47

positive reinforcement

Answer 47

increases the probability of a certain behavior by adding a reward

Question 48

negative reinforcement

Answer 48

discourages a behavior by adding a stimulus

Question 49

positive punishment

Answer 49

decreases the behaviors probability through the administering of a stimulus

Question 50

negative punishment

Answer 50

decreasing the behaviors probability by taking away a (pleasant) stimulus

Question 51

ratio and interval schedule

Answer 51

ratio- reinforcement based on number of times the behavior occurs interval- reinforcement on a timed schedule

Question 52

counterconditioning

Answer 52

allows for the reduction of a phobia by pairing the feared conditioned stimulus with a favored stimulus