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psych 201: midterm 1, chapter 1 > psych 201: chapter 6 learning > Flashcards

psych 201: chapter 6 learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience

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2
Q

nonassociative learning

A

learning to adjust responses to a repeated stimulus

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3
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

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4
Q

sensitization

A

when our behavioral response to a stimulus increases

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5
Q

associative learning

A

learning about the link between two stimuli or events that go togerther

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6
Q

social learning

A

acquiring behaviors and predictive association between stimuli or events through interactions with others

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus

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8
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that is not associated with an action

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning

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10
Q

unconditioned response

A

a response that does not have to be taught, such as a reflex

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken pace

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

response that occurs when only the conditioned stimulus is presented

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13
Q

acquisition

A

formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

extinction

A

occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the extinguished conditioned stimulus again produces a conditioned response

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16
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when stimuli similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

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17
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

occurs when a person learns to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not

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18
Q

second-order conditioning

A

value of money- we don’t value green paper, we value the rewards that the presence of money brings

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19
Q

John Watson and little Albert

A

watson conditions child to be afraid of a bunny because watson played a loud noise with every presentation of the bunny

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20
Q

phobias and fear conditioning

A

phobia- acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation
fear conditioning- a type of classical conditioning that turns neutral stimuli into threatening stimuli

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21
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

association with food and sickness even if the food is not what caused the sickness

22
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

some potential conditioned stimulus are better than others. for learning to take place, the conditioned stimulus should come before the unconditioned stimulus

23
Q

positive and negative prediction error

A

positive- a stimulus predicts a reward that was more valuable than expected
negative-reward is less than anticipated

24
Q

operant conditioning

A

association of a voluntary action and a consequence

25
Q

law of effect

A

any behavior that leads to “a satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again

26
Q

behaviorism

A

emphasized environmental effects on observable behaviors

27
Q

BF Skinner

A

famous behaviorist, known for operant chamber with rats

28
Q

operant chamber

A

rats learn that hitting lever resulting in a reward

29
Q

continuous vs partial reinforcement

A

continuous- reinforcing a behavior each time it occurs (fast learning)
partial-intermittent reinforcement of behavior

30
Q

fixed vs variable schedule

A

fixed-partial reinforcement on a predictable schedule
variable-partial reinforcement on an unpredictable schedule

31
Q

partial reinforcement extinction effect

A

the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

32
Q

shaping

A

a process of operant conditioning, it involved reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

33
Q

primary vs secondary reinforcers

A

primary- stimuli that act as reinforcers that are necessary for survival, they satisfy biological needs
secondary-stimuli that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs (compliment, money)

34
Q

premack principle

A

do undesirable task first to get desirable stimulus (clean room before going out)

35
Q

immediate vs delayed reinforcement

A

the timing between the action and reinforcement/punishment can predict the effectiveness of the conditioning, the longer the delay=the worse the learning

36
Q

temporal discounting

A

when the value of a reward diminishes over time

37
Q

loses disguised as wins

A

payouts smaller than the original bet are revealed just like wins

38
Q

near misses

A

displayed with higher probability than chance alone would cause, nucleus accumbens responds to near miss and win the same way

39
Q

latent learning

A

learning without rewards

40
Q

social learning

A

children can learn basic skills by watching adults perform them, observation and instruction

41
Q

modeling

A

imitation of observed behavior

42
Q

vicarious learning

A

learning whether or not to engage in a behavior after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action

43
Q

instructional learning

A

learning associations and behaviors through verbal communication

44
Q

intracranial self-stimulation

A

rats press a lever to self-administer electrical stimulation to the reward centers of the brain, stimulation is so rewarding that they will do it to the point of exhaustion

45
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

pleasure/reward center, dopamine is given here

46
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter associated with rewards

47
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increases the probability of a certain behavior by adding a reward

48
Q

negative reinforcement

A

discourages a behavior by adding a stimulus

49
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases the behaviors probability through the administering of a stimulus

50
Q

negative punishment

A

decreasing the behaviors probability by taking away a (pleasant) stimulus

51
Q

ratio and interval schedule

A

ratio- reinforcement based on number of times the behavior occurs
interval- reinforcement on a timed schedule

52
Q

counterconditioning

A

allows for the reduction of a phobia by pairing the feared conditioned stimulus with a favored stimulus

psych 201: midterm 1, chapter 1 (4 decks)

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