Chapter 7: Motivation

Question 1

The processes that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining an organizational goal

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

The amount of effort put forth to meet the goal

Answer 2

Intensity

Question 3

Efforts are channeled toward organizational goals

Answer 3

Direction

Question 4

How long the effort is maintained

Answer 4

Persistence

Question 5

Early Theories of Motivation

Answer 5

• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
• McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
• Herzberg’s Two-Factor (Motivation-Hygiene) Theory
• McClellan’s Theory of Needs (Three Needs Theory)

Question 6

Inherent dislike for work and will attempt to avoid it

Must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment

Answer 6

Theory X

Question 7

View work as being as natural as rest or play

Will exercise self-direction and self-control if committed to objectives

Answer 7

Theory Y

Question 8

Hygiene Factors (Two-Factor Theory)

Answer 8

• Quality of supervision
• Pay
• Company policies
• Physical working conditions
• Relationships
• Job security

Question 9

Motivation Factors (Two-Factor Theory)

Answer 9

• Promotional opportunities
• Opportunities for personal growth
• Recognition
• Responsibility
• Achievement

Question 10

The drive to excel

Answer 10

Need for Achievement (nAch)

Question 11

The need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise

Answer 11

Need for Power (nPow)

Question 12

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

Answer 12

Need for Affiliation (nAff)

Question 13

High achievers prefer jobs with… (McClelland’s High Achievers)

Answer 13

• Personal responsibility
• Feedback
• Intermediate degree of risk (50/50)

Question 14

Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Answer 14

• Self-Determination Theory
• Goal-Setting Theory
• Management by Objectives

Question 15

People prefer to have control over their actions so when they feel they are forced to do something they previously enjoyed, motivation will decrease

Answer 15

Self-Determination Theory

Question 16

Proposes that the introduction of extrinsic rewards for work (pay) that was previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease overall motivation

Answer 16

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Question 17

Considers how strongly people’s reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values

Answer 17

Self-Concordance

Question 18

Goals increase performance when goals are…

Answer 18

• Specific
• Difficult, but accepted by employees
• Accompanied by feedback: self-generated feedback is best

Question 19

Contingencies in goal-setting theory…

Answer 19

• Goal Commitment
• Task Characteristics
• National Culture

Question 20

Public goals better

Answer 20

Goal Commitment

Question 21

Simple & familiar better

Answer 21

Task Characteristics

Question 22

Western culture suits best

Answer 22

National Culture

Question 23

Converts overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for work units and individuals

Answer 23

Management By Objectives (MBO)

Question 24

Common ingredients of Management By Objectives (MBO)…

Answer 24

• Goal specificity
• Explicit time period
• Performance feedback
• Participation in decision making

Question 25

Other Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Answer 25

- Self-Efficacy Theory - Equity Theory - Expectancy Theory

Question 26

An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task Also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory

Answer 26

Self-Efficacy Theory

Question 27

Self-efficacy increased by

Answer 27

- Enactive Mastery - Vicarious Modeling - Verbal Persuasion - Arousal

Question 28

Gaining relevant experience to the task or job

Answer 28

Enactive Mastery

Question 29

Becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task

Answer 29

Vicarious Modeling

Question 30

Someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

Answer 30

Verbal Persuasion

Question 31

Get energized

Answer 31

Arousal

Question 32

Employees weigh what they put into a job situation (input) against what they get from it (outcome) They compare their input-outcome ratio with the input-outcome ratio of relevant others

Answer 32

Equity Theory

Question 33

Equity Theory (Six Choices)

Answer 33

- Change inputs - Change outcomes - Distort perceptions of self - Distort perceptions of others - Choose a different referent - Leave the field

Question 34

Three key relationships of Expectancy Theory

Answer 34

- Effort-Performance - Performance-Reward - Rewards-Personal Goals

Question 35

Perceived probability that exerting effort leads to successful performance

Answer 35

Effort-Performance

Question 36

The belief that successful performance leads to desired outcome

Answer 36

Performance-Reward

Question 37

The attractiveness of organizational outcome (reward) to the individual

Answer 37

Rewards-Personal Goals

Question 38

The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance

Answer 38

Job Engagement

Question 39

Organizations where employees are highly engaged have...

Answer 39

- Higher levels of productivity - Fewer safety incidents - Lower turnover

Question 40

Strive for advancement and accomplishment, and they approach conditions that move them closer toward desired goals.

Answer 40

Promotion Focus

Question 41

Strive to fulfill duties and obligations and avoid conditions that pull them away from desired goals

Answer 41

Prevention Focus

Question 42

It is a form of self fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true

Answer 42

Pygmalion Effect or Galatea Effect

Question 43

Overall perception of what is fair in the workplace

Answer 43

Organizational justice

Question 44

It is concerned with the fairness of the outcomes such as pay and recognition that employees receive

Answer 44

Distributive justice

Question 45

Perceived fairness of process used to determine outcomes

Answer 45

Procedural justice

Question 46

Degree to which employees are provided explanations for decisions and kept informed

Answer 46

Informational justice

Question 47

Perceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect

Answer 47

Interpersonal justice