Chapter 6: Perception

Question 1

Is a process by which individual organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

The perceptions people form about each other.

Answer 2

Person Perception

Question 3

Tries to explain the way we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a behavior.

Answer 3

Attribution Theory

Question 4

Determination depends largely on three factors:

Answer 4

Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency

Question 5

(Blank) caused behaviors are those an observer believes to be under the personal control of another individual.

Answer 5

Internally

Question 6

(Blank) cause behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do.

Answer 6

Externally

Question 7

Refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations

Answer 7

Distinctiveness

Question 8

If everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, the behavior shows…

Answer 8

Consensus

Question 9

Occurs when individuals overestimate their own (internal) influence on successes and overestimate the external influences on their failures

Answer 9

Self-Serving Bias

Question 10

A perceptual filtering process based on interests, background, and attitude

Answer 10

Selective Perception

Question 11

Drawing a general impression based on a single characteristic

Answer 11

Halo Effect

Question 12

Our reaction is influenced by others we have recently encountered (the context of the observation)

Answer 12

Contrast Effects

Question 13

Judging someone on the basis of the perception of the group to which they belong

Answer 13

Stereotyping

Question 14

We deal with an unmanageable number of stimuli form our complex world by using…

Answer 14

Heuristics or Stereotypes

Question 15

Choices from among two or more choices.

Answer 15

Decisions

Question 16

That is, a discrepancy exists between the current state of affairs and some desired state, requiring us to consider alternative courses of action.

Answer 16

Problem

Question 17

The model assumes that the decision maker has complete information, is able to identify all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility.

Answer 17

Rational Decision-Making

Question 18

We construct simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

Answer 18

Bounded Rationality

Question 19

Does the person respond the same way over time

Answer 19

Consistency

Question 20

Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate that of internal factors

Answer 20

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 21

A non-conscious process created out of distilled experience.

Answer 21

Intuitive Decision Making

Question 22

As managers and employees become more knowledgeable about an issue, the less likely they are to display overconfidence.

Answer 22

Overconfidence Bias

Question 23

A tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

Answer 23

Anchoring Bias

Question 24

Seeking out information that reaffirms our past choices and discounting information that contradicts past judgments.

Answer 24

Confirmation Bias

Question 25

Basing judgments on information that is readily available

Answer 25

Availability Bias

Question 26

Staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that it is wrong.

Answer 26

Escalation of Commitment

Question 27

Preferring a sure thing over a risky outcome

Answer 27

Risk Aversion

Question 28

Believing falsely that we could have predicted the outcome of an event after that outcome is already known

Answer 28

Hindsight Bias

Question 29

Organizational Constraints | on Decision Making

Answer 29

``` Performance evaluations Reward systems Formal regulations System-imposed time constraints Historical precedents ```

Question 30

Provide the greatest good for the greatest number

Answer 30

Utilitarianism

Question 31

Make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges

Answer 31

Rights

Question 32

Impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially so that there is equal distribution of benefits and costs

Answer 32

Justice

Question 33

The ability to produce novel and useful ideas

Answer 33

Creativity

Question 34

Identify a problem or opportunity that requires a solution as yet unknown

Answer 34

Problem Formulation

Question 35

Possible solutions incubate in an individual’s mind

Answer 35

Information Gathering

Question 36

Develop possible solutions from relevant information and knowledge

Answer 36

Idea Generation

Question 37

Evaluate potential solutions and identify the best one

Answer 37

Idea Evaluation

Question 38

Ideas or solutions judged to be novel and useful by relevant stakeholders

Answer 38

Creative Outcomes