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AP World History > Chapter 7 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Dhows

A

Small swift trading ships- contributed to spread of Islamic civ

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2
Q

Al-Mahdi

A

775-785: 3rd Abbasid caliph- tried to reconcile w/ shi’a- fail
> Harun Al-Rasid (786-809)- thousand and one nights

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3
Q

Decline

A

Political divisions/ succession prob> civil wars

Dependent on Barmishides (Persian advisors)> power struggles w/caliph

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4
Q

Al-ma’mun

A

(813-833)- body guard of 4000 slaves + 70000+ mercenary force
Won civil war> need to build personal armies to secure throne
Mil. Power/ slave mercenaries

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5
Q

Imperial break down

A

Temporary slave-army control, civil balance
Tried to est. new capital> expensive construction + more troops= high taxs
Peasants die, flee, join gangs/vagabonds- shi’a encourage
Irrigation in Tigris-Euphrates-disrepair

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6
Q

Decline of women’s position

A

Herem(created by Abbasid court) + veil, seclusion,
Low class- farm, wove clothes/rugs, raise silkworms
High- all home work, unseen pawn of husband, work for sons succession

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7
Q

slaves (general/female)

A

concubines(slaves)- free by healthy sons, slaves captured/purchased from non Muslim regions-prized for beauty/intelligence> greater attraction over wives, more personal liberty

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8
Q

Nomadic incursions/eclipse of caliphal power

A

Provinces>kingdoms try to take over

  • 945- Buyids of Persia- take Baghdad> Sultan-“victorious” (Arabic) shi’a rise
  • 1055: Seljuk Turks- Sunnis: purge shi’a officials- kept byzan./ Egypt out
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9
Q

Crusades

A

Goal: capture the holy land

Starts 1096-early most successful (division and surprise) June 1099- Jerusalem taken- Muslim/ Jew killed

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10
Q

Crusade impact

A

Little threat to Muslims
Greater impact on t than Muslims
Euro borrowing; damascene swords, fortifications, science/med(better Muslim docs), recover Greek learning, Indian #s, rug/textiles, dates, coffee, yogurt, chess, chivalry

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11
Q

Saladin

A

Retakes lands in 1291 @ Acrel

-united princes

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12
Q

Age of learning/ artistic refinements

A

Urban growth, decline but intellectual thrive, life became dangerous but rapid growth and prosperity

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13
Q

Flowering of Persian literature

A

Persians= central role in imperial politics , lang.= high culture, primary written land in Abbasid court (Arabic: lang still for religion, law, + natural sci)
-Shah-Nama: epic by firdawsi- Persian history, battles, love affairs, intrigues
Other topics: state craft, common life, communicate w/ divine, blend of mystical and common place

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14
Q

Educational achievements

A

Math: build/ add onto theories of Greeks
Chemistry: experiment, Al-Razi- classify all material substances
-Al-Birni- sophistication, weight of 18 minerals

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15
Q

Practical Application

A

Best hospitals: reg. study + pass formal exam
Optic + bladder ailments
Paper-making,silk-weaving, ceramic firing
Best maps

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16
Q

Theme for Muslim world

A

Social strife/ political divisions vs. trading links/ intellectual creativity

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17
Q

Ulama

A

Orthodox religious scholars- suspicion/ hostility to non- Islamic ideas and thinking, Greek learning
-Quran final perfect complete
Promoted by crusades

18
Q

Al- Ghazali

A

Greatest Islamic theologian

Tried to fuse Greek/ Arab traditions

19
Q

Sufis

A

Muslim holy men- responsible for most conversions> expand Islam
Mystics seeking personal union w/God
Used meditation, songs, drugs, dancing(whirling dervishes)

20
Q

Nomadic invasion and end of caliphate

A

Mongols(chinggis)- 1220s(hulegu)-1250s - took heartlands
1258- took Baghdad- never recovers
37th and last caliph killed
Mongols until defeated by Mamluks (Turkish slaves ruling egypt)

21
Q

Which cities become dominate after the mongols?

A

Cairo in the west, Istanbul (Constantinople) in north

22
Q

Religious differences- Hindu/ Islam

A

H: open, tolerant
I: exclusively monotheistic, religiously restrictive

23
Q

Social Diffs: Hindu/ Islam

A

I: egalitarian
H: castes, socially restrictive

24
Q

Hindu/ Islam interactions

A

Violent> eventual wary peace

Strive to find agreements but still tensions> war

25
Q

First Muslim invasions

A

Arab sea-traders attacked by Indian pirates» Muhammad Ibn Qasim (17) 10000 horse/ camel troops- declared Sind + Indus Valley province of Umayyad» treated as dimhi, religious freedom, local officials retain titles/rule
Largely still Hindu/budd

26
Q

Indian influence on Islamic civilizations

A
  • Used Indian science, math, and astronomers
  • Indian #s, music, chess
  • physicians used in hospitals
  • adopted dress, food, rode on elephants
27
Q

2nd Muslim invasions Part 1

A
  • Conflict w: Umayyad + Abbasid weakened Muslim hold
  • Muslim Turkish Slave Dynasty 962
  • Muhammad of Ghazni- conquest of N. India- seized political control
28
Q

2nd Muslims invasions Part 2

A
  • Muhammad of Ghur: state in Indus V. + Bengal - control of Indus/ N.C. India
  • Qutb-ud-Din: slave lieutenants who seized power- new cap. Delhi» 300yrs of sultans of Delhi
29
Q

Patterns of conversion(Hindu -> Islam)

A

Islam becomes a part of India

  • few forcibly converted- spread by traders and Sufi mystics (sim to gurus)-belief in magic- charisma
  • most converts from budd/ low caste> like cause no head tax (amount others)
30
Q

Hindus on accommodation

A

Hindus not initially concerned, Hindus=admin, remained separate,
- some Muslims adopt Hindi ways- young marriage, sati, coins w/ Hindu images, divided (castes)

31
Q

Bhaktic Cults

A

Hindus couldn’t absorb Islam> greater emphasis on DEVOTIONAL CULTS of gods
- open to both genders + untouchables

32
Q

Mira Bai

A

(Female) Religious poet/ song writer

33
Q

Kabir

A

Muslim weaver- played down significance of religious Diffs- claimed to provide path to spiritual fulfillment

34
Q

What else does Hinduism do to stop Islamic conversions?

A

Offer salvation through spiritual intoxication: chants, dances, drugs, state of ecstasy> emotional attachment to gods> no sin/castes- shiva, Vishnu, Kali&raquo_space; Brahmans finally accused Muslims as infidel Hindu destroyers and dirty meat eaters

35
Q

How Islam spread to SE Asia

A
  • On Middle ground: euro-Asian trade met Indian Ocean trade
  • Import important SE products-aromatic woods/spices to china
  • 8th C. On- coastal Indian trade controlled by Muslims
36
Q

Shrivijaya

A

SE Asia Buddhist Trading emp. > 13th C. Collapse> open up to Islam

37
Q

SE Asia- trading contacts/ conversion

A

Peaceful contact + voluntary conversion, port centers on N coast of Sumatra convert >spread

38
Q

Malacca

A

Smaller trading emp. Who replaced shrivijaya= key to wide spread conversion on mainland

39
Q

SE Asia conversion pattern

A 
Malacca> Malaya coasts- e. Sumatra> demak, Java (most powerful trading state)
Javanese ports(long struggle w/ hin-budd kingdom) island conversion
Trade links critical= personal ties
40
Q

Sufis in SE Asia

A

Syncretism- Sufis open to ways of interactions- allowed pre-Islam beliefs
- women retained stronger position, markets-buyers/sellers, matrilineal inheritance

41
Q

Global connections

A

Growing orthodoxy, ulama intolerance, + belief that Islamic world had all requirements for civ.ed life> less receptive to outside influence&raquo_space; bad timing: t rivals being period of unprecedented curiosity/ experimentation

AP World History (9 decks)

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