Chapter 7 Part 1) Axiel Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
Axiel Skeleton
A
- 80 Bones divided into three sections (Skull, Vertebreal column, thoracic cage).
- Three Functions
- Form Longitudial Axis of body
- Support head neck and trunk
- Protect brain, spinal chord, and thoraic organs
2
Q
The Skull
A
- Formed by Facial Bones and Cranial Bones
- Joints in Cranial skull are called sutures.
3
Q
Cranial Base
A
- Formed by the Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Fossae (depression)
4
Q
Cranial Cavities
A
- Middle Ear Cavity
- Internal Ear cavity
- Nasal Cavity
- Orbital Cavity (eyeballs)
5
Q
Parietial Bone and Major Sutures
A
- We have two Large Parietial Bones on the most superior aspect of the cranial vault.
- Four major sutures of the Parietal Bone
- Coronal Suture) Between Parietal and Frontal Bone
- Sagital Suture) Between Left and Right Parietal Bones
- Lambdoid Suture) Between Parietial and Occipitial Bone
- Squamous Sutures) Between Paritetal and Temproral bones.
6
Q
Occipital Bone
A
- Most of the Posterior Wall and Posterior Cranial Fossa of the Skull.
- Major Structures
- Foramen Magnum) Large Base Hole
- Occipital Condyles) Articulate with first vertebre. Allows “yes” head motion
- Hypoglossal canal) Cranial nerve XII
- External Occipital Protuberance) Large bump on back of head
- External Occipital Crest) Secures ligamentum nechea
- Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines
7
Q
Temporal Bone
A
- 2 Found on the Sides of the head
- Made of 4 parts) Squamous, Tymphanic, Mastoid, Peatrous.
- Major Structures
- Zygomatic Process) Meats zygmotic bone anteriorly
- External Acoustic Meatus) Passage in eardrum
- Petrous Part) Holds middle and internal ear cavitites
- Jugular Foramen) Jugular, Nerves IX, X, XI
- Cartoid Canal) Cartoid Artery
- Foramen Lacerum) Cartlidge in living person
- Internal Acutsic Meatus) Cranial Nerves VII and VIII
- Mastoid Process) anchoring for some muscles.
- Styloid Process) Attachment for tounge and neck muscles, and ligament that holds hyloid bone to the skull.
- Stylomastoid Formen) Between styloid and mastoid process, allows nerve VII to leave skull.
8
Q
Sphenoid Bone
A
- Keystone Bone of Cranial Bones. This is because it articulates with all other cranial bones.
- Three Processes
- Greater Wings
- Lesser Wings
- Pterygoid Processes) Anchor ptergoid Muscles (chewing muscles) `
- Major Parts
- Sella Turcia) Turks Saddle, Hypophysis fossa which forms an enclosure for the petuitarty gland.
- Optic Canals) allow optic nerve (II) to pass through.
- Superior Orbital Fissure) Allows Cranial nerves that control eye movment to (III, IV, VI)
- Forman Rotundum) Passage of cranial nerve V
- Forman Ovale) Passage of cranial nerve V
- Forman Spinosum) Tranmsits meninginal artery, serves internal face of cranial bone.
9
Q
Ethmoid Bone
A
- Deepest Skull Bone
- Helps build the Roof of the Nasal Cavity.
- Imprortnant parts
- Cribriform Plates) Form roof of nasal cavity. Contain Cribriform/Olfactory Formina that allows passage of olfactary nerve (I).
- Crista Galli (Rooster Comb) Outermost covering of brain attaches to the crista galli and secures brian to cranial cavity.
- Perpendicular Plate) Forms superior part of Nasal Septum.
- Lateral Mass) contains ethmoid air cells which are thin walled celular cavities.
- Middle Nasal Conchae) Increases air flow
- Superior Nasal Conche) Increases Air flow.
10
Q
Sutural Bones
A
- Tiny bones in the Sutures of the Skull, Not everyone has these
11
Q
Frontal Bone
A
- Forms the Anterior Portion of the Cranial bones
- Major Structures
- Anterio Cranial Fossa) Holds Brain.
- Frontnasal Suture)
- Frontal Sinisus) Lateral to the glabella
- Squamous Part) Forhead
- Supraorbital Foramen) Allows passage of supraorbital artery and nerve
- Suprorbital Margin) Forms part of the Orbit.
12
Q
Mandible
A
- Forms the Lower Jaw. Largest, Strongest Facial bone
- Important Parts
- Temporomandinular Joint) Only freely movable joint in skull.
- Mandibular Formina) allows lower jaw teeth to have nerve sensation. (Dentists inject ludocaine to numb area in this formina)
- Mental Formina) Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to skin of chin.
- Condylar Process) articualtes with mandibular fossa making the tempomandular joint.
- Aveolar Process)
- Corniod Process) Insertion for jaw muscle that elevates mandible.
- Mandubular Angle
- Mandibular Notch
- Mandibular Sumpahysis) Medial fusion point for mandibles
13
Q
Maxillary Bone
A
- KEYSTONE BONE) articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible. Holds Maxillary Sinisus.
- Major Structures
- Incissive Fossa) Leads to incisicve canal. For passage of nerves and blood vessels.
- Infoerior Orbital Fissure) Zygomatic Nerve, Maxillary Nerve and bloodvessels to pass to face.
- Infraorbital Formen) Allows infraorbital nerve to reach the face.
- Anterior Nasal Spine) Outer part of nose
- Frontal Process) Front face
- Hard Palate) forms roof of mouth. Contains Palitine Process
- Maxillary Sinuses)
- Zygomatic Process) of maxilla.
14
Q
Zygomatic Bones
A
- Inferolateral margins of orbits
- Three processes
- Temporal processes
- Frontal Processes
- Maxillia processes
15
Q
Nasal Bones
A
- Form the bridge of the nose
- Cartlidge attaches inferiorly to the nasal bone to form the nose.
16
Q
Lacermial Bones
A
- In medial walls of the orbits
- Lacrimal fossa) depression for tearduct.
17
Q
Palentine Bones
A
- Posterior 1/3 of hard palate and Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity.
- Horizonatal Plate) Roof of mouth.
- Perpendicular Palate) Forms the part of the poterolateral walls of the nasal cavity.
18
Q
Vormer
A
- Forms inferior part of the nasal septum.
19
Q
Inferior Nasal Conche
A
- Form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
20
Q
Hyoid Bone
A
- Not in skull. Anchored by the stylohyoid ligaments to the styloid process
- Acts as movable base for tongue and attachment for speach and sswallowing muscles.
21
Q
Orbits
A
- Encase eyes and lacrimal glands.
- Sites of attachemt for eye muscles
- Formed by
- Frontal Bone) orbital plate and the zygomatic process
- Sephnoid Bone) Lesser wing forms roof of the orbit and the greater wing forms part of the lateral wall of the orbit.
- Zygomatic Bone) forms lateral wall and floor of orbit
- Palentine bone) little dot
- Lacrimal bone) medial wall. has lacrimal gland.
22
Q
Nasal Cavity
A
- Formed by the parts of several bones
- Roof) formed by caribiform plates of the ethmoid bone.
- Lateral Walls) Superior and middle conchoid of the ethmoid. Perpendicular plates of palatine. Inferior Nasal Conche.
- Floor) Processes of palatine and maxillary bones
- Nasal Septum
- Posterior) Vormir and perpendicualr plate of the ethmoid
- Anterior) nasal cartlidge.
23
Q
A
24
Q
Nasal Sinuses
A
- Frontal Sinus) in frontal bone
- Spehoid Sinus) in spehoid bone
- Ethmoid Sinus) in ethmoid bone
- Paired Maxillary Sinsus) formed by paired maxillary bones.
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Vertebraeal Column
* Spine or Spinal Collum. Trasnmits weight of the trunk, protects the spinal chord, provides attachment for ribs and muscles
* Five regions
* Cervical Vertebrae) 7 In the neck. Concave Posteriorly.
* Thoracic vertabrae) 12 in middle (thoracic) back. Convex Posteriorly
* Lumbar Vertabrae) 5 In lower back. Concave Posteriorly
* Sacrum) Bone inferior to lumbar vertebrae. Covex Posteriorly
* Coxyx) bottom of vertebrecal collum.
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Abnormal Spine Curvatures
* Scoliosis) abnormal lateral curbe
* Kyphosis) Dorsally exadurated thoracic curvature
* Lordosis) Excentuated lumbar curvature.
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Intervertebral discs
* Cushion like pads made of fibrocartlidge in between vertabrae.
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General Structure of Vertabrae
* Body) Centrum. the Anterior weight bering part of the vertabrae.
* Vertebral arch) made of two parts
* Two pedicles) short pillers that form the sides of each arch\
* Two laminae) Flattened plated that form the posterior arch.
* Vetrebral Forman) large hole in the center which spinal chord passes through. Formed by the body and th arch coming together.
* Veterbral Colum) colum formed by lines of vertabreal forman
* Intervertebral Formina)lateral openings between vertebrae for passage of spinal nerves.
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Seven Processes of Vertabrae.
* Spinous Process) projects posteriorly
* Transcerse process (2) Project laterally (rib attachent)
* Superior articular process (2) Project supiorly
* Inferior articualr processes (2) project infeiorly.
*
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Atlas vertebrae
* C1 Vertabrae
* NO body or Spinous process
* Has Anterior and Posterior Arch plus Two Lateral Masses
* The superior surface of these lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles of skull. They "carry" the skull
* Responsible for moving the head up and down.
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Axis Vertebrae
* C2
* Has a body and process with a knob like projection called the Dens. The Dens projects superiorly onto the anterior Arch of the Atlas.
* Dens is "missing body" of the Atlas.
* This allows for a piviot motion or moving the head "no"
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Cervical Vertebrae
* C1-C7. C3-C7 share common characteristics
* Oval shaped body
* Spineous process are split at ends
* Vertebracial froamen is large and triangular.
* Transverse Froamen in each Transverse Process
* Vertebracial arteries travel through these processes.
* C7 is called the Vertebrea Prominens. Can be felt through the skin and is used as a landmark/
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Thoracic Vertebrae
* T1-T12) Articulate with ribs. Looks like girrafe
* Body is Heart Shaped
* Has two small demifacets (half facets) that artiuclate with ribs.
* Vertebracial Froamen is circular
* Long, sharp spineous process
* Transverse Process hvae transverse costal facets which articulate with ribs
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Lumbar Vertebrae
* L1-L5. Relives stress so bodies are massive. Look like a cow.
* Short thick Pedicles and Laminae (vertebrecial arch)
* Vertebracial Froamen is triangular
*
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Sacrum
* 5 Fused Vertebrae (S1-S5).
* Forms the posteior wall of the pelvis
* Major Structures
* Alae) Top crest of structure
* Auricular Surfaces) Articulate with Hip Bones to form Saroiliac Joint.
* Sacral Canal) where the spinal chord continues from vertebrae above
* Sacral Formina) transmits sacral spinal nerves.
* Sacral hiatus) when 4th and 5th sacral vertebrae fuse incorrectly and there is a large opening,
* Sacral Promontory) high crest of bone above the sacral formina.
* Facets of Superior Articular Processs) Articulate with L5 supeiorly.
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Coxyx
* Tailbone. 3-5 fused verebrae that articulate with the sacrum.
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Thoracic Cage
* Consists of
* Thoracic Vertebrae Posteriorly
* Sternum and Costal Cartlidges Anteriorly
* Funtions
* Protect Thoracic organs
* Support Shoulder Girlde/Upper Limbs
* Attachment sites for the muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders.
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Sternum (Brestbone)
* made of three fused bones
* Manubrium) Superior part that articulates with the clavicles via the Clavicular Notches. Below this it artiuculates with Ribs 1 and 2.
* Body) Midportion that articulates with costal cartlidges of ribs 2 through 7.
* Xiphloid Process) Inferior end that is for muscle attachment.
* Other Important Parts
* Sternal angle) where the manubrium meeths the body
* Jugular Notch) where the cartoid artery branches from the aorta.
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Ribs and their Attachments
* 12 pairs form the thoracic cage. All attatch posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae.
* True (Vetebrosternal) ribs) Pairs 1-7
* all attach directly to the sternum by costal cartlidges
* False (Vertebrochondral) ribs) Pairs 8-10
* Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartlidge of rib above
* Vertebral (floating ribs) Pairs 11-12
* Do not attach to the sternum
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Parts of a Rib
* Shaft) Flat bone that makes most of rib.
* Has costal groove which houses nerves and blood vessels
* Head) Posterior End. Articualtes with the Demi Facets on the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae
* Neck) Constricted (slimmer) portion beyond head of the rib.
* Tubracle of Rib) Knoblike structure lateral to the neck.
* Articulates with the transverse facet of the same numbered thoracic vertebrae.
