Chapter 7: Physiology

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

conversion of glucose into ATP is essential for this

Question 2

Electrolytes

Answer 2

substances that, when dissolved in water, separate into charged particles. The movements of these charged particles enable the electrical functions of cells, such as nerve transmission and cardiac muscle depolarization. Important electrolytes in the body include potassium, sodium, and magnesium.

Question 3

What systems assist in water control?

Answer 3

circulatory and renal systems, and the proper function of these systems maintains a balance to provide cells a healthy environment. Absorption and elimination of water not only provide balance to the cells but also affect the body as a whole.

Question 4

What systems control glucose and insulin?

Answer 4

digestive and endocrine systems

Question 5

Anaerobic metabolism

Answer 5

occurs when glucose is metabolized without oxygen, or without enough oxygen.

Question 6

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 6

cause bronchial tubes in the lungs to dilate, enabling better gas exchange. They cause the heart to pump harder and faster, thereby increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle and vital organs. Finally, epinephrine and norepinephrine have potent effects on the circulatory system, causing blood vessels to constrict.

Question 7

Patent airway

Answer 7

Moving air in and out of the chest requires an open pathway

Question 8

Tidal volume

Answer 8

The volume of air moved in one in-and-out cycle of breathing

Question 9

Minute Volume

Answer 9

multiply tidal volume by the respiratory rate; amount of air that gets into and out of the lungs in one minute

Question 10

Dead Air Space

Answer 10

not all of the minute volume of air reaches the alveoli. About 150 mL of a normal tidal volume occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but does not actually reach the area of gas exchange.

Question 11

Respiratory dysfunction

Answer 11

occurs any time minute volume is interfered with; respirations are controlled in brain by medulla oblongata. Any event impacting the function of the medulla oblongata can affect minute volume.

Question 12

Dysfunction of Pressure

Answer 12

If hole is created in chest wall, pressures needed for breathing are disrupted, air and blood accumulating in chest also compromise respiration

Question 13

Dysfunction of Lung Tissue

Answer 13

trauma or medical problems can compromise the ability of alveoli to exchange gasses, less oxygen gets in, less carbon dioxide gets out, can result in low oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels

Question 14

respiratory Compensation

Answer 14

body attempts to compensate for gas exchange deficits; chemoreceptors detect changing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, brain stimulates respiratory system to increase rate and/or tidal volume

Question 15

Plasmic oncotic pressure

Answer 15

large proteins that tend to attract water away from the area around body cells and pull it into the bloodstream

Question 16

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 16

This pressure tends to push fluid back out of the blood vessels toward the cells

Question 17

Blood Dysfunction

Answer 17

without enough blood, oxygen and carbon dioxide cannot be properly moved around, bleeding, dehydration, anemia, liver failure

Question 18

Blood vessels

Answer 18

need adequate pressure to make cycle work, pressure controlled by changing diameter of blood vessels, stretch receptors monitor pressure, and pressure can be increased or decreased depending on situation.

Question 19

Blood vessel Dysfunction

Answer 19

loss of tone: vessels lose ability to constrict and dilate, pressure drops causing; trauma, infection, allergic reaction

Question 20

Excessive permeability

Answer 20

capillaries leak fluid out their walls, caused by severe infection, high altitude, and certain diseases

Question 21

Hypertension

Answer 21

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR); pressure inside vessels. various conditions lead to abnormal constriction of vessels leading to an unhealthy high-pressure level, major risk factor in stroke and heart disease

Question 22

Loss of Regulation

Answer 22

chemical messengers tell blood vessels when to dilate and constrict; when signals get blocked, problems arise, lack of sympathetic response can cause shock

Question 23

Stroke Volume

Answer 23

The volume of blood ejected in one squeeze; heart pumps with average stroke volume of 70ml per contraction

Question 24

Preload

Answer 24

amount of blood returning to the heart (how much it is filled), greater the filling of the heart, greater the stroke volume

Question 25

Contractility

Answer 25

how hard the heart squeezes, more forcefully the heart contracts the greater the stroke volume

Question 26

Afterload

Answer 26

how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system, greater the pressure in the system, the lower the stroke volume.

Question 27

Cardiac Output

Answer 27

stroke volume X beats per minute; Either slowing the heart rate or decreasing the stroke volume will decrease cardiac output; Although increasing heart rate would normally increase cardiac output, very fast rates (usually > 180 in adults) limit the filling of the heart and in fact decrease stroke volume

Question 28

Pediatric Compensation

Answer 28

rely on heart rate to compensate for poor perfusion, lack contractile muscles, cannot regulate the force of contraction, fast heart rate indicates compensation

Question 29

Heart Dysfunction

Answer 29

Mechanical: physical trauma, squeezing forces, cell death. Electrical: damage to hearts electrical system, cause unorganized rhythms and rate problems

Question 30

Hypovolemic Shock

Answer 30

low blood volume, too little volume leads to reduced pressure in the cardiovascular system

Question 31

Distributive Shock

Answer 31

blood vessel tone is lost, Conditions such as anaphylaxis or sepsis cause normally constricted vessels to dilate, and as a result, pressure within the system is reduced

Question 32

Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 32

the heart fails in its ability to pump blood, the pump fails and cardiac output suffers. Hypoperfusion occurs when the heart can no longer maintain the pressure in the cardiovascular system and blood fails to be pumped to the cells

Question 33

Obstructive Shock

Answer 33

blood is physically prevented from flowing, conditions such as tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, and pulmonary embolism, large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas.

Question 34

Signs of compensated shock

Answer 34

slight mental status changes, increased heart, increased respiratory rate, delayed capillary refill time, pale, cool, clammy skin (diaphoresis), sweating

Question 35

Decompensated shock

Answer 35

This term implies that compensatory mechanisms have not been successful or have subsequently failed in their effort to sustain perfusion. Decompensated shock is commonly characterized by decreased blood pressure and altered mental status

Question 36

Irreversible shock

Answer 36

as inadequately perfused organ systems begin to die. Patient death commonly follows

Question 37

Fluid Balance

Answer 37

Body is 60% water, intracellular (70%), intravascular (5%), interstitial (25%)

Question 38

Edema

Answer 38

swelling associated with movement of water

Question 39

stroke

Answer 39

results from clots in or bleeding from the arteries that perfuse the brain; form of mechanical nervous system dysfunction

Question 40

Endocrine Dysfunction

Answer 40

organ or gland problems, present at birth or result of illness, too many hormones (Graves disease, problems with heart rate and temperature regulation), Not enough hormones (type 1 diabetes), adrenal insufficiency (effects steroid hormones)

Question 41

Digestive Dysfunction

Answer 41

effects hydration levels and nutrient transfers, gastrointestinal bleeding (can be slow or massive)

Question 42

hypersensitivity

Answer 42

allergic reaction, exaggerated immune response, chemicals may effect more than just invader, produces edema, rapid drop in blood pressure, can be life threatening