Chapter 7 Psych

Question 1

The cognitive revolution

Answer 1

the study of internal mental processes became an acceptable target for research

Question 2

The Atkinson-Shiffrin (or multi-store) model of memory:

Answer 2

stimulus - sensory organs - sensory memory - short-term memory -& Long-term memory

• information is rehearsed
• some information is encoded into long-term memory

Question 3

sensory organs

Answer 3

senses, eyes/ears etc.

Question 4

sensory memory

Answer 4

limitless, but short lived

Question 5

short-term memory

Answer 5

lasts 30 seconds 7 + - 2 items

Question 6

long-term memory

Answer 6

unlimited, but not always accessible

Question 7

iconic memory

Answer 7

visual sensory store (no more than 1 second)

Question 8

echoic memory

Answer 8

auditory sensory store (no more than 5 second)

Question 9

the whole report condition

Answer 9

flashing letters at someone then asking them to report them back (can usually report 3-4 letters of the 12)

Question 10

the partial report condition

Answer 10

hearing a tone while looking at letters to decide which row to report. (people can report back 3-4 letters out of 4)

Question 11

attention

Answer 11

helps select a portion of the sensory memory for further processing

Question 12

change blindness

Answer 12

showing someone a change in a picture, easier when presented simotainiously

Question 13

chunking

Answer 13

letters places randomly vs. connecting to larger units (FBIUSATGIF)

Question 14

the serial position effect

Answer 14

if given a long list of words you’re most likely to remember the first few and last few

Question 15

primary effect

Answer 15

remembering the first few words in a list

Question 16

recency effect

Answer 16

remembering the last few words in a list

Question 17

proactive interference

Answer 17

after hearing the first few words this makes it hard to remember other information

Question 18

retroactive interference

Answer 18

information presented later makes it hard to remember stuff from before

Question 19

short-term memory

Answer 19

working memory & rehearsal (repeating in head)

Question 20

phonological loop

Answer 20

for keeping sound-based information active with rehearsal

Question 21

the word length effect

Answer 21

easier to remember short words

Question 22

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 22

for representing visual information and where objects are in space understanding traffic flow

Question 23

feature binding

Answer 23

seeing something as a whole rather than a collection of features

Question 24

episodic buffer

Answer 24

for representing combined auditory, visual, and knowledge from long-term memory store

Question 25

central executive

Answer 25

for coordinating the functions of the 3 storage systems and directing attention to sensory inputs

Question 26

declarative memory

Answer 26

memories that involve our conscious minds and that we can describe verbally

Question 27

non-declarative memory (or implicit)

Answer 27

memory for previously learned skills and association that guide our thoughts feeling and actions automatically and unconsciously

Question 28

episodic memory

Answer 28

memory for specific autobiographical events in ones life

Question 29

semantic memory

Answer 29

general knowledge about the world that does not accessing the details of any particular life experience (knowing the difference between a leprechaun and an elf)

Question 30

edouard claparede

Answer 30

shook the amnesia lady hand with pin

Question 31

procedural memory

Answer 31

knowledge about how to preform actions (ex. dance routines)

Question 32

priming

Answer 32

involves an unconscious influence of an experience on our subsequent thoughts or behaviours

Question 33

Donald Hebb

Answer 33

'cells that fire together, wire together'

Question 34

Long-term potentiation

Answer 34

when neurons across the brain fire at the same time, the bond between them get stronger

Question 35

consolidation

Answer 35

the capacity to remember an event over the long-term release on a binding together of strong connections between the pattern of neural firing that is associated with that experience

Question 36

H.M (Henry Molaison)

Answer 36

had brain surgery to stop his epilepsy but as a result suffered from amnesia

Question 37

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 37

in inability to remember any event occurring after some brain altering experience

Question 38

retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

not remembering experiences that occurred for some period of time before the brain trauma or surgery

Question 39

encoding

Answer 39

information is converted for storage

Question 40

storage

Answer 40

information is retained in memory

Question 41

retrieval

Answer 41

information is recovered from memory when needed

Question 42

rote learning

Answer 42

merely repeating information over and over again with the goal of remembering it for long-term

Question 43

Craik & Watkins study

Answer 43

- when participants said numbers, then repeated a word a few times, then say the numbers again. - the amount of time repeating the word had no effect on the likelyhood of remembering them

Question 44

mindless repitions and rote learning is also called

Answer 44

maintanence rehearsal

Question 45

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 45

supports keeping information active in working memory, but is a poor way of achieving long-term remembering

Question 46

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 46

thinking about the information we ant to remember later in as many ways as possible at the level of meaning

Question 47

shallow processing

Answer 47

thinking about the process of the word

Question 48

intemediate processing

Answer 48

thinking about what the word sounds like

Question 49

deep processing

Answer 49

thinking about the meaning of the word

Question 50

self-reference effect

Answer 50

thinking about information in a way that related to ourselves and our other personal experience

Question 51

survival processing

Answer 51

thinking about information in a way that relates to personal survival

Question 52

recognition

Answer 52

identifying something that you've experienced

Question 53

recall

Answer 53

requires bringing to mind details about a prior experience

Question 54

retrieval cues

Answer 54

ex. matches make you think about fire

Question 55

encoding specificity

Answer 55

successful remembering depends on the degree of match between the current situation & the event that we are tying to remember

Question 56

context dependent memory

Answer 56

remembering memories of a place when you are there

Question 57

state-dependent learning

Answer 57

ex. studying while high, take test while high

Question 58

mood-dependent learning

Answer 58

remembering will be more successful when a persons mood is the same while testing while it was while studying

Question 59

the role of emotion in remembering

Answer 59

higher emotion leads to better learning

Question 60

Neilson and Colleagues Study

Answer 60

shown a list of words then one group a pic of surgery and other instruction on how to brush your teeth. surgery pic helped remember more

Question 61

flashbulb memory

Answer 61

events so emotional and shocking that you will never forget any detail (not true, less accurate after time) (ppl feel more confident talking about these memories)

Question 62

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 62

- first to discover forgetting curve | - studied his own memory of mixing words

Question 63

Mnemonics

Answer 63

methods for making information memorable (do kids play cards on family game sunday)

Question 64

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 64

the more you think about something the more likely you are to remember it

Question 65

guided imagery

Answer 65

a technique meant to help individuals remember and event from earlier in their life by having them imagine what that type of event might have been like

Question 66

imagination inflation

Answer 66

the more a person imagines what an event would be like, the more likely why will be to become convinced that the imagined event actually happened to them

Question 67

schemas

Answer 67

general knowledge in memory about what features are typical for certain types of situations

Question 68

Deese- Roediger- Mcdermott ( or DRM) effect

Answer 68

people will think they saw a word on the list when they didn't. ex. all words associated with sleeping but the word sleep wasn't there but they think they saw it

Question 69

The misinformation effect

Answer 69

when biasing questions can alter an eyewitnesses memory for the event that they witnessed ex. stop sign, yield sign. ex. car 'smashed' 'hit'

Question 70

Bruck and Ceci study

Answer 70

junior cleaning or not then asked children different questions. tell adults what they want to hear