- no articulations (joints/connections to other bones) - attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

Skeletal System - midterm 2 Flashcards by Kate Read

Anatomical position

feet, face & palms forward

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What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system

1) Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
2) Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
= 206 bones in total

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what does the Axial skeleton include? (4)

skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage (sternum + ribs)

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what does the Appendicular skeleton include? (4)

limbs + bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limb (arm, forearm, hand)
lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)

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what are the 3 main bone groupings of the skull?

a) cranium- 8 bones (next to brain)
b) facial bones- 14
c) auditory ossicles- 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle of ears)

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Parts of the Cranium: (6 bone names but 8 in total)

1 frontal (forehead)
2 parietal (middle)
2 temporal
1 sphenoid in front of temple by eye)
1 ethmoid (forms superior + middle nasal conchae)
1 occipital (back bottom)

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Facial bones: ( 8 bones but 14 in total)

2 nasal
2 maxillae
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal
2 palatine
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer
1 mandible

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Auditory ossicles: (3)

incus
malleus
stapes

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Hyoid Bone

no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

- attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

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what 5 regions is Vertebral Column separated into? (26 in total)

Cervical (7) breakfast
Thoracic (12) lunch
Lumbar (5) dinner
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)

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Typical vertebral structure (8)

body = thick anterior portion
spinous process (1) = median posterior projection
transverse process (2) = lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
lamina (2) = connects the two processes
pedicle (2) = connects body to transverse process
vertebral foramen - hole for spinal cord
superior + inferior articular facets = articulate with vertebrae above and below
intervertebral foramina - exit for spinal nerves

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Cervical (C1-C7) vertebrae characteristics

C1, C2 = atypical
C3-C7 = typical
C1 = atlas > no body, no spinous process > articulates with occipital condyle of skull (allows nodding ‘yes’ motion)
C2 = axis > dens (= odontoid process) > pivot joint around which atlas swivels (allows shaking ‘no’ motion)

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Thoracic (T1-T12) vertebrae characteristics

ALL articulate with ribs via costal facets

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Lumbar (L1-L5) vertebrae characteristics

support upper body weight

- ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes

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Sacrum vertebrae characteristics

= 5 fused vertebrae

- articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)

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Coccyx vertebrae characteristics

= 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4

- = tailbone

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Curvature of spinal column:

a) cervical + lumbar
- curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly
b) thoracic + sacrum
- curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

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Abnormal curvature: (3)

a) scoliosis - spinal column curves laterally
b) kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
c) lardosis - axaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

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Thoracic Cage consists of: (2)

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a) sternum (breast bone)
3 parts: 
i) manubrium - superior
ii) body - middle
iii) xiphoid process - inferior

b) ribs
- 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
-7 pairs = true ribs
> attach directly to sternum via coastal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- 5 pairs = false ribs
> attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not at all = floating ribs (11, 12 - embedded in muscle)

Pectoral Girdle (upper limb girdle) parts: (2)

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a) clavicle (collarbone)
- articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acrimony process)
- connects axial & appendicular skeletons
b) scapula
- spine (on posterior)
- acromion process- articulates with clavicle
- glenoid fossa/cavity- articulates head of humerus
- coracoid process- attaches muscles for arm and chest

Pelvic Girdle (lower limb girdle)

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composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones:
a) ilium - articulates with sacrum
b) ischium - most inferior part = ischial tuberosity
c) pubis - left and right joined by pubic symphysis
joints:
a) pubic symphysis
b) sacroiliac join - sacrum + ilium
c) acetabulum - articulates with head of femur > all 3 bones of os coxa join here

Upper limb (in anatomical position) includes: (5)

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a) humerus
b) radius (lateral) / ulna (medial)
c) carpals (8) = wrist
b) metacarpals (5) = palm
c) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers)
* note: all are LONG bones expect for carpals

Lower Limb (in anatomical position) includes: (6)

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a) femer
b) patella (knee cap)
c) tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral)
d) tarsals (7)
> talus - articulates with tibia
> calcaneus = heal bone
e) metatarsals (5) = sole
f) phalanges (14) = digets (toes)
* note: all are LONG bones except petal and tarsals

Long bone components: (8)

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1) diaphysis
2) epiphyses
3) epiphyseal plate
4) epiphyseal line
5) medullary cavity
6) periosteum
7) endosteum
8) articular cartilage

Diaphysis (long bone component)

1) diaphysis - shafts (body)

Epiphyses (long bone component)

2) epiphyses - proximal and distal extremities

Epiphyseal plate (long bone component)

3) epiphyseal plate > hyaline cartilage > used for bone growth (length)

Epiphyseal line (long body component)

4) epiphyseal line > replaces plate with bone when growth completed > plate/line - where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

Meduallary cavity (long bone component)

5) medullary cavity | > red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult

Periosteum (long bone component)

6) periosteum > external surface > 2 layers of connective tissue - outer = dense irregular - inner = mainly osteoblasts + osteoclasts > allows bone to grow in diameter

Endosteum (long bone component)

lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts + osteoclasts)

Aritcular cartilage (long bone component)

- hyaline (only at articulation bones) | - prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

Bone consists of: (2)

a) Cells- i) osteoblasts ii) osteocytes iii) osteoclasts b) Matrix- i) ground substance > hydroxyapatite = insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (strength) ii) collagen fibers (flexibility) iii) water

what are the 2 types of bone

1. compact 2. spongy

Compact bone:

- covers external surfaces of ALL bones structure: - composed of osteons - each osteon contains: i) lamellae- concentric circles of matrix ii) lacunae (with osteocytes)- between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live) iii) canaliculi- small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other iv) central canal - contains blood vessels and nerves - lined with endosteum v) perforating canal - perpendicular to central canal - carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity

Spongy bone

structure: - NO osteons - have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae) - canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae - found in: >flat & irregular bone (eg. skull, ribs, vertebrae) >long bones-epiphyses, lining medullary cavity - spaces contain bone marrow > red marrow produces blood cells

Cartilage (CT)

``` Hyaline cartilage structure: a) chondrocytes in lacunae b) matrix: i. shiny ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid ii. collagen fibres iii. water c) non-vascular ```

What are articullations/joints?

point of contact between 2 or more bones

what are the 2 classes of articulations/joints?

structural & functional

Structural classifications of joins are based on

- presence/absence of joint cavity | - type of CT

types of structural joints: (3)

1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

Fibrous structural joints:

- no joint cavity - fibrous CT - eg. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)

Cartilaginous structural joints:

- no joint cavity - cartilage attaches bones - eg. pubic synthesis, costal cartilages of ribs

Synovial structural joints:

- eg. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee structure: - articular cartilage (hyaline) - joint cavity > contains synovial fluid - articular/joint capsule > outer layer = fibrous capsule [attaches to periosteum, may have ligaments within (capsule = thickened) or separate] > inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only) > secretes synovial fluid

types of synovial structural joints: (4)

- grouped according to shape of articulating bones i) plane/gliding - flat surfaces - eg. sacroiliac ii) hinge - concave/convex surfaces - eg. elbow, knee iii) pivot - projection in ring - eg. dens (on axis) in atlas iv) ball & socket - great freedom of movement - eg. humerous in glenoid fossa - eg. femur in acetabulum

Functional Classification (physiological) articulations/joints

based on: | - degree of movement

Types of functional joints (3)

a) Synarthrotic - immovable - eg. skull sutures b) Amphiarthrotic - slightly moveable - eg. pubic symphysis c) Diarthrotic - freely moveable - eg. hip, shoulder

Skeletal System - midterm 2 Flashcards

(47 cards)