Chapter 8 Psych

Question 1

concepts

Answer 1

mental representations of specific objects, events, or ideas (apple pie vs. blueberry pie)

Question 2

categories

Answer 2

larger groups of concepts based on their similarity to one another (all pies)

Question 3

classical categorization approach

Answer 3

we group together objects & events into categories because they share common defining features (dogs bark, 4 legs, animal)

Question 4

graded membership

Answer 4

some members are better representatives than others

Question 5

sentence verification technique

Answer 5

experiment asking true or false like a ‘robin’ is a bird, people are faster to say yes rather than a penguin is a bird

Question 6

prototype

Answer 6

the average of all members of a category (seeing a motorcycle unlike one you’ve seen before but still knowing that its a motorcycle)

Question 7

semantic network

Answer 7

connection to similar concepts will be closer than ones with dissimilar concepts (ex. bird-fly-beak)

Question 8

linguistic relativity (or the whorfian hypothesis)

Answer 8

the idea that differences in languages between culture change the way members of those cultures actually perceive the world

Question 9

algorithm

Answer 9

a slow, logical, and step-by-step solution to a problem based on a set of rules

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

relying on past experience to make a quick and reasonable guess as to the problems solution (good for guessing)

Question 11

cognitive obstacles

Answer 11

when you can’t think of the normal solution (9 dot obstacle)

Question 12

functional fixedness

Answer 12

the tendency to treat objects as only serving one function

Question 13

representativeness heuristic

Answer 13

the assumption that all members of a category share the same features based on ones experience with only a small number of category members (getting a jason thinking he’s rude then assuming all other masons are rude)

Question 14

base rates/ conjunction fallacy

Answer 14

same group of people that do a certain thing will be smaller than people don’t

Question 15

the availability heuristic

Answer 15

making judgements about the frequency with c=which events occur based on how easy it is for us to think of examples (more words start with K rather than have it as a 3rd letter)

Question 16

the anchoring effect

Answer 16

restrictions in a persons numerical judgements based solely on their exposure to some number (high # high estimate, low # low estimate)

Question 17

framing effects

Answer 17

when the mere wording of a question has a biasing influence on our judgements or decision making

Question 18

belief perseverance

Answer 18

persisting in ones pre-existing beliefs, despite exposure to evidence that contradicts those beliefs

Question 19

conformation bias

Answer 19

seeking out and attending to evidence that supports one belief, while also actively avoiding evidence that contradicts that belief

Question 20

maximizers

Answer 20

thoroughly explore the pros and cons associated with every option in an effect to make the best possible choice

Question 21

satisficers

Answer 21

do very little research and simply choose first option that fulfils some minimum set of criteria

Question 22

aphasia

Answer 22

any specific impairment in the ability to produce or comprehend language (usually damage in frontal lobe)

Question 23

broca’s aphasia

Answer 23

in impairment in the ability to comprehend spoken language

Question 24

language

Answer 24

a rule based means of communication, using spoken, written, or gestural symbols

Question 25

language advantages

Answer 25

1. allows us to communicate about things that are not physically present 2. allows for creating symbols to represent completely novel concepts that may not even exist in reality 3. can be transferred from one generation to the next

Question 26

language productivity

Answer 26

the basic units of language permit an almost infinite number of combinations

Question 27

phonemes

Answer 27

the smallest unit of language. they are the units of sound that we use to form words

Question 28

morphemes

Answer 28

the smallest meaningful units of language. (plant is one, er is one, together planter)

Question 29

semantics

Answer 29

the study about how people learn the memory of words

Question 30

orthography

Answer 30

the visual representation of words (reading)

Question 31

phonology

Answer 31

the speech-based representation of words (talking)

Question 32

Dyslexia

Answer 32

troubles translating the orthography words into phonological representation

Question 33

syntax

Answer 33

the rules that define the acceptable order of combining words into phrases and sentences

Question 34

noun phrase

Answer 34

"all rule following sentences"

Question 35

verb phrase

Answer 35

"must have a noun phrase and a verb phrase"

Question 36

pragmatics

Answer 36

non-lingustic aspects of our communication (understand sarcasm)

Question 37

Dr. Werker

Answer 37

'this doll' vs. 'your doll' detected young infants can detect the difference in the 'd' sound

Question 38

naming explosion

Answer 38

through infancy & toddlerhood humans learn so fast it qualifies as a type of explosion

Question 39

fast mapping

Answer 39

very young children appear to learn many words with only one exposure

Question 40

overgeneralization errors

Answer 40

"we goed to the park. I chased the gooses."

Question 41

sensitive period

Answer 41

the early period in our lifespan, during which acquisition of language occurs quite easily & naturally - 7

Question 42

cross-fostering

Answer 42

placing a chimpanzee into a family - Viki

Question 43

lexigrams

Answer 43

small symbols used for communication (kanzi)

Question 44

features of infants that support language acuquliston

Answer 44

1. infants prefer speech sounds over others 2. prefer nouns and verbs over other words 3. prefer phoneme combinations that are common in the language they are exposed to