Chapter 7 - The Control of Microbial Growth [Revered]

Question 1

_____ refers to microbe contamination. ______ is a systemic infection that causes a severe immune response

Answer 1

Sepsis

Question 2

_______ refers to the absence of significant contamination.

Answer 2

Asepsis

Question 3

_________ uses practices and techniques to prevent contamination from microbes.

Answer 3

Aseptic techniques

Question 3

______ removes and destroys all microbial life, including vegetative cells and endospores.

Answer 3

Sterilization

Question 4

_______ destroys most microbes but does not kill endospores. ______ typically applies to non-living objects such as counters and surfaces.

Answer 4

Disinfection

Question 5

_______ destroys harmful microbes from body wounds.

Answer 5

Antisepsis

Question 6

_______ is the physical removal of microbes in a limited area. This is typically achieved by using soaps and detergents.

Answer 6

Degerming

Question 7

_______ is a chemical treatment that kills target-specific microbes.

Answer 7

Biocide (germicide)

Question 7

________ refers to the cleansing of fomites to remove enough bacteria that is deemed safe for public health.

Answer 7

Sanitization

Question 8

________ is a treatment that inhibits the growth of microbes. Microbe growth becomes static.

Answer 8

Biostatic (bacteriostatic)

Question 9

________ shows the effectiveness of treatment by a chemical agent.

Answer 9

Number of microbes
Environment
Time of exposure
Microbial characteristics

Question 9

_______ damages the cell membrane of bacteria -> disrupting homeostasis.

Answer 9

Alteration of C.M permeability

Question 9

_______ & ______ are the most resistant microbes to chemical agents.

Answer 9

Prions & Endospores of bacteria

Question 9

_______ are the most sensitive microbes to chemical agents.

Answer 9

Viruses with lipid envelopes

Question 10

_______ alters/damages protein structure -> alters/damages protein function.

Answer 10

Damage to proteins (Enzymes)

Question 10

_________ alters/damages DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> alters/damaged protein function.

Answer 10

Damage to Nucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 10

_______ inhibit cellular respiration -> no ATP production.

Answer 10

Inhibition/alteration of metabolism

Question 11

_______ is the lowest temperature that all cells in a liquid media are killed in 10 minutes.

Answer 11

Thermal death point (TDP)

Question 11

_______ is the minimum time for all bacteria in a liquid media to be killed at a certain temperature.

Answer 11

Thermal death time (TDT)

Question 12

Boiling

Answer 12

Physical Methods: Moist Heat

Question 12

Refrigeration

Answer 12

Physical Method: Low Temperatures

Question 12

Hot-air sterilization

Answer 12

Physical Method: Dry Heat

Question 12

_______ is a physical method that kills by oxidation.

Answer 12

Physical Method: Dry Heat

Question 12

Bake sterilization

Answer 12

Physical Method: Dry Heat

Question 12

Incineration

Answer 12

Physical Method: Dry Heat

Question 12

Direct flaming for metal instruments

Answer 12

Physical Method: Dry Heat

Question 12

______ is a physical method that kills by protein denaturation. Some examples of _____ are boiling, autoclave, and pasteurization.

Answer 12

Physical Method: Moist Heat

Question 12

Autoclave (steam under pressure)

Answer 12

Physical Method: Moist Heat

Question 12

Pasteurization (combinations of diff. temp. & time)

Answer 12

Physical Method: Moist Heat

Question 12

______ is a physical method that uses low temperature to inhibit/suppress growth (bacteriostatic effect).

Answer 12

Physical Method: Low Temperatures

Question 12

Deep-freezing.

Answer 12

Physical Method: Low Temperatures

Question 12

Lyophilization (long-term preservation of food & cultures)

Answer 12

Physical Method: Low Temperatures

Question 12

_____ is a physical method that passes substances/fluids through a screen-like membrane.

Answer 12

Physical Method: Filtration

Question 13

Physical method used for vaccines, serums, and enzymes.

Answer 13

Physical Method: Filtration

Question 14

HEPA filters

Answer 14

Physical Method: Filtration

Question 15

Membrane filters

Answer 15

Physical Method: Filtration

Question 16

______ is a physical method that removes water and prevents microbe metabolism.

Answer 16

Physical Method: Desiccation

Question 17

______ is a physical method that uses high concentrations of salts and sugars to create a hypertonic environment.

Answer 17

Physical Method: Osmotic pressure/imbalance

Question 18

Pathogen shrinks & dies

Answer 18

Physical Method: Osmotic pressure/imbalance

Question 19

_______ is a physical method that destroys/damages the DNA of a microbe.

Answer 19

Physical Method: Radiation

Question 20

X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams

Answer 20

Physical Method: Radiation (ex: ionizing radiation)

Question 21

Disposable syringes, gloves, masks, & surgical sutures

Answer 21

Physical Method: Radiation (ex: ionizing radiation)

Question 22

Ultraviolet light

Answer 22

Physical Method: Radiation (ex: nonionizing radiation)

Question 23

Cleaning hospital rooms

Answer 23

Physical Method: Radiation (ex: nonionizing radiation)

Question 24

Germicidal UV lamp

Answer 24

Physical Method: Radiation (ex: nonionizing radiation)

Question 25

_______ is a chemical method that disrupts plasma membrane, creating a leaky cell.

Answer 25

Chemical Methods: Phenols, Phenolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides

Question 26

_______ is rarely used, has a strong odor, and is highly irritable to the skin.

Answer 26

Phenol

Question 27

_____ is derived from Phenol

Answer 27

Phenolics

Question 28

______ is a disinfectant used in hand soap

Answer 28

Bisphenols

Question 29

______ is used for skin disinfection (surgical hand scrubbing)

Answer 29

Biguanides

Question 30

Disinfectant in hand soap

Answer 30

Chemical Methods: Phenols, Phenolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides

Question 31

Surgical hand scrubbing

Answer 31

Chemical Methods: Phenols, Phenolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides

Question 32

______ is a chemical method that kills by oxidation.

Answer 32

Chemical Methods: Halogens

Question 33

Iodine

Answer 33

Chemical Methods: Halogens

Question 34

Tincture (before/after surgery)

Answer 34

Chemical Methods: Halogens

Question 35

Chlorine (Bleach)

Answer 35

Chemical Methods: Halogens

Question 36

_____ is a chemical method that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids.

Answer 36

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Question 37

Bactericidal & Fungicidal

Answer 37

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Question 38

Chemical method used on surfaces and hands denature proteins & dissolve lipids

Answer 38

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Question 39

________ is a chemical method that disrupts cell membranes.

Answer 39

Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents

Question 40

Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

Answer 40

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Question 41

Soaps & detergents

Answer 41

Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents

Question 42

Acid-anionic sanitizers

Answer 42

Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents

Question 43

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS)

Answer 43

Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents

Question 44

Sanitization of metal containers in food industry

Answer 44

Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents

Question 45

_______ is a chemical method that has organic acids that inhibits metabolism and nitrites/nitrates that prevent endospore germination in foods.

Answer 45

Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Perservatives

Question 46

Prevent mold & bacteria in foods

Answer 46

Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Preservatives (Organic Acids)

Question 47

Cold cuts and Hot Dogs

Answer 47

Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Preservatives (Nitrites & Nitrates)

Question 48

Prevents Clostridium botulinum

Answer 48

Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Preservatives (Nitrites & Nitrates)

Question 49

________ is a chemical method that uses gas to sterilize -> causing alkylation -> leading to the formation of free radicals.

Answer 49

Chemical Methods: Chemical Sterilization

Question 50

Ethylene Oxide

Answer 50

Chemical Methods: Chemical Sterilization

Question 51

Large Heat-sensitive material

Answer 51

Chemical Methods: Chemical Sterilization

Question 52

________ is a chemical method that uses plasma causes alkylation -> leading to the formation of free radicals.

Answer 52

Chemical Methods: Plasma Sterilization

Question 53

______ is a fourth state of matter, consisting of electrically excited gas

Answer 53

Plasma

Question 54

Tubular medical instruments (surgical steel rods/plates)

Answer 54

Chemical Methods: Plasma Sterilization