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ABDOMEN REGISTRY > Chapter 7: Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common location of an ectopic kidney

A

Pelvis

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2
Q

Which kidney is longer

A

Left

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3
Q

Whats the innermost covering of the kidney

A

Renal capsule

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4
Q

After the renal capsule, what are the three layers surrounding the kidney, from innermost to outermost

A

Perirenal fat
Gerota fascia
Pararenal fat

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5
Q

Whats the order of the vascular anatomy of the kidney, starting at the hilum

A

Segmentals
Interlobar
Arcuate
Interlobular

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6
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract

A

Duplicated collecting system (2 renal sinuses)

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7
Q

The pyramids of the kidney are separated by the columns of ______

A

Bertín

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8
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy renal variant

A

Cuando un riñón está jodio y el otro se agranda

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9
Q

What is a crossed fused ectopic kidney

A

Both kidneys are fused on the same side of the body

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10
Q

What is junctional parenchymal renal defect

A

Incomplete fusion of 2 components of the kidney. Echogenic line separating them

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11
Q

What is renal sinus lipomatosis

A

Excessive fat in renal pelvis making it large and echogenic

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12
Q

What is the most common place for a stone to lodge in the urinary tract

A

Ureterovesicle junction

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13
Q

What is a ureterocele

A

Dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder
Looks like an anechoic balloon in the lumen of the bladder

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14
Q

What is a megaureter

A

Congenital large ureter

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15
Q

What is a hydroureter

A

Large ureter associated with obstruction

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16
Q

What are the 4 layers of the bladder wall from inner to outer

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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17
Q

The destrusor muscle is in charge of emptying the bladder and is located in what layer of the bladder

A

Muscularis

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18
Q

A distended bladder wall should measure less than

A

4mm

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19
Q

What is a neurogenic bladder

A

Poorly functioning bladder secondary to neurological disorder that affects the detrusor muscle

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20
Q

What is a bladder dicerticulum

A

Outpouching in the bladder wall como un globo pero para afuera associated with obstruction

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21
Q

What is cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder and thickening of the wall (mas de 4mm)

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22
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the bladder

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

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23
Q

Describe transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

A

Smooth or papillary hypo/hyperechoic non mobile vascular mass that projects into lumen

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24
Q

Describe acute renal failure

A

Sudden decrease in renal function, often caused by acute tubular necrosis

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25
What does acute renal failure look like on ultrasound
Normal kidneys (maybe more echogenic) Hydroneprhosis sometimes
26
What are clinical findings of acute renal failure
Elevated BUN and creatinine Oliguria Hematuria Hypertension Leukocytosis Edema Hypovolemia
27
What is the most common cause for chronic renal failure
Diabetes mellitus
28
Chronic renal failure will lead to end stage renal _______
Disease
29
Describe autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Seen in ADULTS Most common cause of renal failure Associated with polycystic liver disease Bilat enlarged kidneys that contain multiple cysts
30
Describe autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Seen in CHILDREN Dilation of the renal collecting tubules Pts die Clinical findings of renal failure
31
Describe multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
Asymptomatic Unilateral huge cysts everywhere in that kidney making it non functional The other kidney takes over and becomes enlarged
32
Describe acquired renal cystic disease
Can result from hemodyalisis Development of cysts Clinical findings of chronic renal failure
33
What is Von hippel lindau syndrome
Tumors in the central nervous system, cysts in the kidneys and pancreas, renal cell carcinoma and adrenal gland tumors
34
What is tuberous sclerosis
Bilateral renal cysts and angiomyolipomas in the kidneys. Associated with renal cystic disease Shows skin lesions of the face and epilepsy
35
What is acute pyelonephritis
Inflamed kidneys secondary to infection Most common in woman
36
What is pyonephrosis
Pus in the collecting system of the kidney Will show hydronephrosis too
37
What does chronic pyelonephritis look like
Small echogenic kidneys with lobulated borders and renal scar and dilated calyx
38
What is a renal or perinephric absess
Can occur secondary to pyelonephritis inside the kidney or adjacent to it (perinephric) May show gas
39
What is emphysematous pyelonephritis
Rare complication of pyelonephritis where there is gas in the renal parenchyma Can be fatal
40
What is xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
When renal parenchyma is replaced with granulomatous tissue Typically caused by chronic urinary tract obstruction and infection
41
What is the most common cause for renal fungal disease
Candida albicans
42
What does renal fungal disease look like
Hyperechoic mobile nonshadowing fungal balls in the renal collecting system
43
What is glomerulonephritis
Caused by a recent throat infection like strep or other conditions Kidneys can slowly shut down Acute- big echogenic kidneys Chronic- small echogenic kidneys
44
A parasitic UTI is mits commonly developed from what parasite
Schistosomiasis. A parasite that enters the skin Causes bladder wall thickening
45
Parasitic UTIs can also be caused by what parasite
Echinococcus granulosus Develops a hydatid cyst Common in Middle East, Australia, Mediterranean
46
What does a hydatid renal cyst look like
Can contain a daughter cyst with debris or appear complex or simple
47
What is hydronephrosis (aka pyelocaliectosis)
Dilation of the renal collecting system secondary to obstruction
48
Hydronephrosis can alter renal artery index making it greater than
0.7
49
Urolithiasis is most frequently found in men and it can cause ________ pain in males
Testicular
50
What is a staghorn calculus
A stone that fills in and takes the shape of the renal pelvis
51
What is the most common location for a urinary stone to lodge
Ureterovesicle junction (near the bladder)
52
What is nephrocalcinosis
Accumulation of calcium in the kidney Can be medullary or cortical
53
Medullary nephrocalcinosis can be caused by what defect
Medullary sponge kidney
54
What are some specific clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis
Hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism
55
An angiomyolipoma is also called _________ and is the most common benign hyperechoic renal tumor
Hamartoma
56
What is an oncocytoma
Second most common benign renal mass Often found in men 60 years or older Variable sono appearance
57
What’s a renal hemangioma
Benign small hyperechoic mass of blood vessels that develop around 30-40 years old
58
What is a renal lipoma
Benign hyperechoic fatty tumor often found in women measuring less than 5mm
59
What is a renal adenoma
Benign vascular hyperechoic mass with calcifications that appears similar to its malignant counterpart RCC Less than 1cm
60
What does a renal fracture look like
Linear absence of echoes or like an anechoic line
61
Renal cell carcinoma is also called what other names
Hypernephroma Adenocarcinoma
62
Hippel lindau disease is associated with _______ cell carcinoma
Renal
63
What does renal cell carcinoma look like
Varying echogenicity solid mass, or complex cyst Check for metastasis to IVC or liver
64
What is renal transitional carcinoma
Malignant tumor found in renal pelvis causing focal dilation of cálices Hydronephrosis can be present
65
Metastases to the kidney most often comes from where
Lungs or breast
66
What is nutcracker syndrome
Entrapment of the left renal vein as it passes the SMA and aorta Make pts may complain of testicle pain And females may suffer from pelvic congestion syndrome
67
With renal artery stenosis, sonogram will show thickening and calcification of renal artery and renal-aorta ratio of ____
3.5
68
With renal vein thrombosis, what’s gonna happen to that kidney
It will increase in size and be heterogenous
69
What is an allograft
Transplanted kidney
70
What is the most common complication of a transplanted kidney
Renal artery stenosis
71
What is the most common cause for pediatric congenital hydronephrosis
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
72
Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux is commonly caused by
Abnormal angle of insertion of the distal ureter into the bladder so the valve doesn’t work properly
73
What is the Weigert-Meyer rule
It says that pts with duplicated pelvicaliceal systems and complete ureteral duplication may suffer from vesicoureteral reflux Y que el sistema más arriba es siempre el del problema
74
Pediatric patients that develop Wilma tumor usually have what syndrome
Beckwith wiedemann syndrome
75
The urachus connects the _______ to the umbilicus during fetal development and then it’s supposed to close
Bladder
76
If the urachus doesn’t close during fetal development it can cause what
Anomalies Including cysts, diverticulum, patent urachus (fistula) and urachus sinus

ABDOMEN REGISTRY (13 decks)

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